Analytical methods for food additives

274 Pages·2004·1.623 MB·English

by  Roger Wood, Lucy Foster, Andrew Damant, Pauline Key

Analytical methods for
food additives
Roger Wood, Lucy Foster, Andrew Damant
and Pauline Key
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
Cambridge England
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1 E110: Sunset yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 1.1 Summary of methods for sunset yellow in foods . . . . . 6
Table 1.2 Summary of statistical parameters for sunset
yellow in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 1.3 Performance characteristics for sunset yellow in
lemonade (pre-trial samples) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 1.4 Performance characteristics for sunset yellow in
bitter samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 E122: Azorubine (carmoisine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 2.1 Summary of methods for azorubine in foods . . . . . . . 19
Table 2.2 Summary of statistical parameters for azorubine
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 2.3 Performance characteristics for azorubine in
collaborative trial samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 2.4 Performance characteristics for azorubine in bitter
samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
iv Contents
3 E141: Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins. . . . . . . 24
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 3.1 Summary of methods for Cu complexes of
chlorophylls and chlorophyllins in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 3.2 Summary of statistical parameters for Cu complexes
of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 E150c:Caramel class III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 4.1 Summary of methods for caramel (class III) . . . . . . . 29
5 E160b: Annatto extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 5.1 Summary of methods for annatto extracts in foods . . 32
Table 5.2 Summary of statistical parameters for annatto
extracts in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6 E200–3: Sorbic acid and its salts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 6.1 Summary of methods for sorbic acid in foods . . . . . . 42
Table 6.2 Summary of statistical parameters for sorbic acid
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 6.3 Performance characteristics for sorbic acid in almond
paste, fish homogenate and apple juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 6.4 Performance characteristics for sorbic acid in orange
squash, cola drinks, beetroot, pie filling and salad cream . . . . . . . 53
7 E210–13: Benzoic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Contents v
7.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Table 7.1 Summary of methods for benzoic acid in foods . . . . . 62
Table 7.2 Summary of statistical parameters for benzoic acid
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 7.3 Performance characteristics for benzoic acid in
almond paste, fish homogenate and apple juice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 7.4 Performance characteristics for benzoic acid in
orange juice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 7.5 Performance characteristics for benzoic acid in orange
squash, cola drinks, beetroot and pie filling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8 E220–8: Sulphites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 8.1 Summary of methods for sulphites in foods. . . . . . . . 87
Table 8.2 Summary of statistical parameters for sulphites
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 8.3 Performance characteristics for sulphites in hominy,
fruit juice and seafood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 8.4 Performance characteristics for sulphites in wine,
dried apples, lemon juice, potato flakes, sultanas and beer . . . . . . 92
Table 8.5 Performance characteristics for total sulphite in shrimp,
orange juice, dried apricots, dehydrated potato flakes and peas . . 94
Table 8.6 Performance characteristics for total sulphite in starch,
lemon juice, wine cooler, dehydrated seafood and instant mashed
potatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Table 8.7 Performance characteristics for total sulphite in
shrimp, potatoes, pineapple and wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Table 8.8 Performance characteristics for free sulphite in wine. 97
9 E249–50: Nitrites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.5 Appendix 1: method procedure summaries
(meat – DDENV 12014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.6 Appendix 2: method procedure summaries (milk and milk
products – BS EN ISO 14673). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
vi Contents
Table 9.1 Summary of methods for nitrites in foods . . . . . . . . 118
Table 9.2 Summary of statistical parameters for nitrites
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Table 9.3 Performance characteristics for nitrite in meat
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Table 9.4 Performance characteristics for nitrite in foods . . . . 127
10 E297: Fumaric acid and its salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
10.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
10.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Table 10.1 Summary of methods for fumaric acid in foods . . . 132
Table 10.2 Summary of statistical parameters for fumaric
acid in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Table 10.3 Performance characteristics for fumaric acid in
Table 10.4 Performance characteristics for fumaric acid in
lager beers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
11 E310–12: Gallates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
11.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
11.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
11.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Table 11.1 Summary of methods for gallates in foods. . . . . . . 146
Table 11.2 Summary of statistical parameters for gallates
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Table 11.3 Performance characteristics for gallates in oils,
lard and butter oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
12 E320: BHA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
12.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
12.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
12.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
12.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Table 12.1 Summary of methods for BHA in foods. . . . . . . . . 157
Table 12.2 Summary of statistical parameters for BHA
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Table 12.3 Performance characteristics for BHA in oils, lard
and butter oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Contents vii
13 E334–7, E354: L-tartaric acid and its salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
13.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
13.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
13.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
13.5 Appendix: method procedure summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Table 13.1 Summary of methods for L-tartaric acid in foods. . 169
Table 13.2 Summary of statistical parameters for L-tartaric
acid in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Table 13.3 Performance characteristics for L-tartaric acid
in grape juices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
14 E355–7, E359: Adipic acid and its salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
14.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
14.5 Appendix 1: method procedure summaries (analysis of orange
drinks). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
14.6 Appendix 2: method procedure summaries: analysis of
starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Table 14.1 Summary of methods for adipic acid in foods . . . . 179
Table 14.2 Summary of statistical parameters for adipic acid
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Table 14.3 Performance characteristics for adipic acid in
orange drink samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Table 14.4 Performance characteristics for adipic acid in
acetylated adipyl cross-linked starches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
15 E405, E477: Propylene glycol (propan-1,2-diol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
15.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
15.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
15.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Table 15.1 Summary of methods for propylene glycol
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Table 15.2 Summary of statistical parameters for propylene
glycol in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
16 E416: Karaya gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
16.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
16.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
16.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Table 16.1 Summary of methods for karaya gum. . . . . . . . . . . 189
viii Contents
17 E432–6: Polysorbates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
17.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
17.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Table 17.1 Summary of methods for polysorbates in foods. . . 192
Table 17.2 Summary of statistical parameters for
polysorbates in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
18 E442: Ammonium phosphatides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
18.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
18.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
18.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Table 18.1 Summary of methods for phosphorus in foods. . . . 198
Table 18.2 Summary of statistical parameters for phosphorus
in foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Table 18.3 Performance characteristics for total phosphorus
in collaborative trial samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
19 E444: Sucrose acetate isobutyrate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
19.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
19.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
19.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
19.5 Appendix: method procedure summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Table 19.1 Summary of methods for sucrose acetate
isobutyrate in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Table 19.2 Summary of statistical parameters for sucrose
acetate isobutyrate in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
20 E472e: Mono/diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono/diglycerides
of fatty acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
20.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
20.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
20.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Table 20.1 Summary of methods for mono/diacetyl tartaric
acid esters of mono/diglycerides of fatty acids in foods . . . . . . . 207
Table 20.2 Summary of statistical parameters for mono/
diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono/diglycerides of fatty
acids in foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208