Analytical Methods for Drinking Water; Advances in Sampling and Analysis; Volume 4 in Water Quality Measurement Series - Wiley

189 Pages·2016·2.11 MB·English

by  Quevauviller P.

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Analytical Methods for
Drinking Water
Advances in Sampling and Analysis
PHILIPPE QUEVAUVILLER
EuropeanCommission,Brussels,Belgium
K. CLIVE THOMPSON
ALcontrolLaboratories
SouthYorkshire,UK
iii
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Quevauviller,Ph.
Analyticalmethodsfordrinkingwater:advancesinsamplingandanalysis/PhilippeQuevauviller,
K.CliveThompson.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13: 978-0-470-09491-4(cloth:alk.paper)
ISBN-10: 0-470-09491-5(cloth:alk.paper)
1.Water–Analysis. 2.Drinkingwater–Analysis. 3.Drinkingwater–Governmentpolicy–
Europe. 4.Drinkingwater–Governmentpolicy–UnitedStates. I.Thompson,K.C.
(KennethClive),1944– II.Title.
TD380.Q482006
363.6(cid:2)1—dc22 2005010209
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN-13: 978-0-470-09491-4(HB)
ISBN-10: 0-470-094915(HB)
Typesetin10.5/12.5ptTimesNewRomanbyTechBooks,NewDelhi,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry
inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
iv
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Dedication
ThisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofA.L.Wilson(1929–1985).
Antony Leslie (Tony) Wilson was born in Brighton in 1929 and educated at
Vardean Grammar School and Kings College, London, where he took an honours
degreeinchemistry.HeworkedforeighteenyearsattheAtomicEnergyResearch
Establishment,SalwickandtheCentralElectricityResearchLaboratories,Leather-
head, before joining the Water Research Association at Medmenham—later to be-
comeaconstituentlaboratoryoftheWaterResearchCentre—in1968.Heremained
withtheCentreuntilhisretirementin1980,whenheheldthepositionofManager
oftheAnalysisandInstrumentationDivision.
Hisconsiderablereputationasananalyticalchemistwastheproductofaprodi-
giouscapacityforworkandthepainstakingapplicationofhisconsiderableintellect,
not only to the development of a wide range of methods, but also to the funda-
mentalprinciplesofanalysisqualitycontrol.Hisworkonthelatterwasespecially
pioneeringanditsimportancehasbecomeverywidelyrecognised.
His approach to the specification and assessment of analytical performance and
to the control of analytical errors formed the basis of the standard practices of
both the electricity generating and water industries in the U.K. Over the years the
formerDepartmentoftheEnvironment,initsHarmonisedMonitoringScheme,and
the World Health Organization, in its Global Environment’s Standing Committee
of Analysts have incorporated his ideas on performance characterisation in their
publishedmethods.
In1975hewasawardedtheLouisGordonMemorialPrizeforthebestpaperofthe
yearinthejournalTalanta(oneofaseriesinwhichhedrewtogetherinacoherent
mannertheimportantfactorstobeconsideredincharacterisingtheperformanceof
analyticalmethods).
It is considered very fitting that this book dealing with various aspects of water
qualityshouldbededicatedtosuchanillustriousanddedicatedindividual.
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Contents
SeriesPreface xi
Preface xiii
ListofContributors xv
1 DrinkingWaterRegulations 1
PierreHecq,AdrianaHulsmann,FredS.Hauchman,
JenniferL.McLainandFranzSchmitz
1.1 EUDirectiveonDrinkingWater–Past,PresentandFuture 3
1.1.1 EUWaterLegislation 3
1.1.2 TheDrinkingWaterDirectives–RevisionProcesses 3
1.1.3 MainAspectsoftheDrinkingWaterDirectives 4
1.1.4 RevisionoftheDWDandWHOGuidelines 9
1.1.5 Conclusions 9
1.2 DrinkingWaterRegulationsintheUnitedStates 10
1.2.1 Introduction 10
1.2.2 HistoryoftheSafeDrinkingWaterAct 10
1.2.3 DevelopmentofRegulations 11
1.2.4 HighlightsoftheSafeDrinkingWaterAct 12
1.2.5 ImplementationofRegulations 15
1.2.6 Conclusions 16
1.3 Standardization 16
1.3.1 Introduction 16
1.3.2 RequirementstobemetbyLaboratories
andAnalyticalMethods 17
1.3.3 StandardizationinCENTC230WaterAnalysis
andISOTC147WaterQuality 17
1.3.4 DevelopmentofStandardsinISO/TC147 19
1.3.5 SpecialStandardsDevelopmentProcedures 23
1.3.6 DraftingofStandards 24
1.3.7 EURequirementsforStandardMethods 28
References 35
vii
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viii Contents
2 BromateDetermination 39
A.-HakimR.Elwaer,PhilippeQuevauviller,K.CliveThompsonand
CameronW.McLeod
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 IonChromatographicMethods 41
2.2.1 IdentificationandRemovaloftheMainInterferences 41
2.2.2 SamplePre-treatmentAutomation 43
2.3 AlternativeLaboratoryMethods 45
2.3.1 IonChromatography/ICP-MS 45
2.3.2 IonChromatographySpectrophotometryDetection 46
2.3.3 IonPairChromatography–FluorescenceDetection 47
2.3.4 FlowInjection–ICP-MS 48
2.4 Field-basedMethods 49
2.4.1 SpectrophotometricMethodwithMethyleneBlue 49
2.4.2 FlowInjection–SpectrophotometricDetection 51
2.5 StabilityofBromate 51
2.5.1 EffectofWaterMatrixonBromateStability 52
2.5.2 StabilityofBromateSpeciesImmobilizedon
AluminaMicrocolumns 53
2.6 InterlaboratoryExcerciseforBromateDetermination 55
2.7 Toxicity,OccurrenceandCurrentStatusofBromateinDrinkingWaters 59
References 61
3 LeadMonitoring 63
TheovandenHovenandNellieSlaats
3.1 FactorsDeterminingtheLeadConcentrationinDrinkingWater 64
3.1.1 SourcesofLeadinDrinkingWater 64
3.1.2 FactorsDeterminingtheLeadConcentrationinDrinkingWater 65
3.2 SamplingofLeadinDrinkingWater 68
3.2.1 AvailableSamplingProcedures 68
3.2.2 Definitionofa‘RepresentativeSample’ 69
3.2.3 RepresentativeSamplingatanIndividualConsumer’sTap 73
3.2.4 LeadAnalysesinTapWater 73
3.3 ComparisonofSamplingProceduresintheField 75
3.3.1 EuropeanStudy 75
3.3.2 AppliedSamplingProcedures 75
3.3.3 CharacteristicsofTestAreas 77
3.3.4 AppliedTestProcedures 78
3.3.5 PerformanceCriteriaofSamplingProtocols 79
3.3.6 RepresentativenessoftheTestedProtocols 81
3.3.7 ReproducibilityoftheTestedProtocols 91
3.3.8 Costs,PracticalityandConsumerAcceptance 95
3.3.9 FinalEvaluationofSamplingProcedures 96
3.3.10 ExperiencewiththeMonitoringProtocolinFrance 98
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Contents ix
3.4 FitforPurposeLeadMonitoringProtocols 98
3.4.1 TheRequirementsforSamplingandMonitoringLeadin
AccordancewiththeDWD98/83/EC 98
3.4.2 SamplingandMonitoringStrategy 100
3.4.3 LeadMonitoringPurposes 101
3.5 LeadLevelsinDrinkingWaterinTapWater 109
3.5.1 OverviewofLeadLevelsinTestAreas 109
3.5.2 EffectofWaterComposition 110
3.5.3 EffectofPlumbingMaterials 111
3.5.4 WaterConsumption 111
References 112
4 MaterialsinContactwithDrinkingWater 115
JeanBaron
4.1 ParametersUsedfortheControlofMaterialsEffects 116
4.1.1 OrganolepticAssessments 116
4.1.2 GeneralHygieneAssessments 117
4.1.3 SubstancesthatPoseaRisktoHealth 117
4.1.4 EnhancementofMicrobialGrowth 118
4.2 TestProcedureforMetallicMaterials 118
4.2.1 Introduction 118
4.2.2 MetallicMaterials 119
4.2.3 ExperimentswithinConormativeResearch 123
4.2.4 Discussion 148
4.2.5 Conclusions 155
4.3 TestProcedureforCementitiousMaterials 156
4.3.1 Introduction 156
4.3.2 TechnicalBackground 160
4.3.3 EffectofPreconditioningandMigrationWater 161
4.3.4 ReproducibilityTests 169
4.3.5 EffectofPreconditioningatDifferentAgeingTimes 170
4.3.6 Conclusions 171
ReferencesandBibliography 172
Index 175
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Series Preface
Waterisafundamentalconstituentoflifeandisessentialtoawiderangeofeconomic
activities.Itisalsoalimitedresource,aswearefrequentlyremindedbythetragic
effectsofdroughtincertainpartsoftheworld.Eveninareaswithhighprecipitation,
andinmajorriverbasins,overuseandmismanagementofwaterhavecreatedsevere
constraints on availability. Such problems are widespread and will be made more
acute by the accelerating demand on freshwater arising from trends in economic
development.
Despite of the fact that water-resource management is essentially a local, river-
basin based activity, there are a number of areas of action relevant to all or sig-
nificant parts of the European Union and for which it is advisable to pool efforts
for the purpose of understanding relevant phenomena (e.g. pollution, geochemical
studies), developing technical solutions and/or defining management procedures.
One of the keys for successful cooperation aimed at studying hydrology, water
monitoring, biological activities, etc., is to achieve and ensure good water quality
measurements.
Qualitymeasurementsareessentialfordemonstratingthecomparabilityofdata
obtained worldwide and they form the basis for correct decisions related to man-
agement of water resources, monitoring issues, biological quality, etc. Besides the
necessaryqualitycontroltoolsdevelopedforvarioustypesofphysical,chemicaland
biologicalmeasurements,thereisastrongneedforeducationandtrainingrelatedto
waterqualitymeasurements.ThisneedhasbeenrecognizedbytheEuropeanCom-
mission,whichhasfundedaseriesoftrainingcoursesonthistopicthatcoveraspects
suchasmonitoringandmeasurementoflakerecipients,measurementofheavymet-
alsandorganiccompoundsindrinkingandsurfacewater,useofbioticindexes,and
methodsofanalysingalgae,protozoaandhelminths.Inaddition,aseriesofresearch
anddevelopmentprojectshavebeenorarebeingdeveloped.
This book series will ensure a wide coverage of issues related to water quality
measurements,includingthetopicsoftheabovementionedcoursesandtheoutcome
of recent scientific advances. In addition, other aspects related to quality control
tools(e.g.certifiedreferencematerialsforthequalitycontrolofwateranalysis)and
monitoringofvarioustypesofwaters(river,wastewater,groundwater)willalsobe
considered.
xi
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xii SeriesPreface
This book, Analytical Methods for Drinking Water: Advances in Sampling and
Analysisisthefourthintheseries;ithasbeenwrittenbypolicymakersandscientific
experts in drinking water analytical science and offers the reader an overview of
drinkingwaterpoliciesandexamplesofanalyticalresearchdirectlysupportingthese
policies.
TheSeriesEditor–PhilippeQuevauviller
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Preface
Drinkingwaterpoliciesandresearchareintimatelylinked.Itisthankstothescientific
progressmadeoverthelast25yearsinidentifyingandcontrollingtoxicproductsin
drinkingwaterthatregulationshavedevelopedinsuchawaythattheprotectionof
publichealthfromwaterbornediseaseshasdrasticallyimproved.Theintegrationof
researchoutputsintothepolicy-makingprogressrequiresclosecooperationamong
the scientific and policy communities, which is not always straightforward. In the
US,drinkingwaterresearchisanintegralpartoftheUSEnvironmentalProtection
Agency’s base research programme, meaning that research is directly feeding the
policy process. In Europe, links have also been established among research and
policy development, albeit in a less integrated way. Exchanges between scientific
and policy-making communities certainly represent key elements of progress for
better environmental protection. In this respect, analytical developments linked to
drinkingwaterareatthecoreofthescience-policydebate.
Thisbookreflectsthisawarenessbyjoiningrecentanalyticaldevelopmentswith
policy considerations. The first chapter gives an overview of EU and US drinking
waterpolicies,aswellasonstandardization.Analyticaldevelopmentsaredescribed
indepthinChapter2,focusingonbromateindrinkingwater.Thethirdchapterdeals
withthedevelopmentofasamplingprotocolfordeterminingleadindrinkingwater,
thus mixing analytical development with standardization needs. Finally, Chapter 4
focusesonstandardizationaspects(pre-normativeresearch)relatedtomaterialsin
contactwithdrinkingwater.
This book has been written by experts in the field of drinking water policy and
analysis.Itdoesnotpretendtogiveanexhaustiveviewofdrinkingwateranalytical
developments, but rather illustrates recent scientific advances in this field, which
havecontributedtopolicydevelopment.Thegatheredinformationwillbeofdirect
usetopolicymakers,waterscientists,researchersandanalyticallaboratories.
PhilippeQuevauvillerandK.CliveThompson
xiii