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Analytical Characterization Methods for Crude Oil and Related Products PDF

285 Pages·2018·7.99 MB·English
by  Shukla
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(cid:2) AnalyticalCharacterizationMethods forCrudeOilandRelatedProducts (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Analytical Characterization Methods for Crude Oil and Related Products Editedby AshutoshK.Shukla PhysicsDepartment EwingChristianCollege,India (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2018 ©2018JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfrom thistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofAshutoshK.Shuklatobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterialinthiswork hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice(s) JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffice TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Some contentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations,and theconstantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment,and (cid:2) devices,thereaderisurgedtoreviewandevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsert (cid:2) orinstructionsforeachchemical,pieceofequipment,reagent,ordevicefor,amongotherthings, anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationofusageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions. Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthis workandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarranties ofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedby salesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefact thatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotential sourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthorsendorsethe informationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideorrecommendationsit maymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin renderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshould beawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthis workwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanyloss ofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental, consequential,orotherdamages. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedfor ISBN:9781119286318 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©mmmx/Shutterstock Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) Tomyteachers (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) vii Contents ListofContributors xiii Preface xvii 1 RheologicalCharacterizationofCrudeOilandRelated Products 1 FlávioH.Marchesini 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 SamplePreparationforRheologicalCharacterization 2 (cid:2) 1.2.1 EnsuringtheChemicalStability 2 (cid:2) 1.2.2 ChoosingtheRheometerGeometry 3 1.2.3 ErasingtheThermalMemory 4 1.2.4 PerformingtheCoolingProcess 4 1.3 RheologicalTests 5 1.4 PotentialSourcesofErrors 9 References 10 2 OpticalInterrogationofPetroleumAsphaltenes:Mythsand Reality 13 IgorN.Evdokimov 2.1 Introduction 13 2.1.1 WhatareAsphaltenes? 13 2.1.2 TheReasonsforIntensiveAsphalteneResearch 14 2.1.3 NoControversyabouttheElementalCompositionof Asphaltenes 15 2.1.4 ContinuingDebatesontheSizeandtheStructureofAsphaltene MoleculesandAggregates 15 2.1.5 ConflictingParadigmsbasedonSimilarAnalyticalTechniques: ApparentSignificanceof“HumanFactors” 18 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 2.2 Mythical“CharacteristicSignatures”ofAsphaltenesinOptical AnalyticalMethods 19 2.2.1 Nonexistent“ResonanceUVAbsorption”ofAsphaltenes 19 2.2.2 Mythical“CharacteristicMonomerPeaks”inFluorescenceEmission Studies 23 2.3 MisconceptionsaboutthePropertiesofUV/VisAbsorptionSpectra ofAsphaltenes 29 2.3.1 TheMythabouttheAbsenceofAsphalteneAggregationEffectsin OpticalAbsorptionStudies 30 2.3.2 TheMythaboutthe“UrbachTail”inOpticalAbsorptionSpectraof AsphaltenesandCrudeOils 34 2.3.2.1 TaucRange 35 2.3.2.2 UrbachRange 35 2.3.2.3 LowAbsorption(Defects)Range 35 2.3.3 IntheUV/VisSpectralRangeAsphaltenesApparentlyActnotas Absorbers,butasScatterers 38 2.4 CurrentStateofKnowledgeaboutAsphalteneMonomersand PrimaryAsphalteneAggregates 42 2.4.1 SomeRequirementsforPreparationofDiluteAsphaltene Solutions 44 (cid:2) (cid:2) 2.4.2 MultipleStates/PhasesofPrimaryAsphalteneAggregatesRevealed byOpticalAbsorptionMeasurements 46 2.4.3 MultipleStates/PhasesofPrimaryAsphalteneAggregatesRevealed byRefractiveIndexMeasurements 47 2.4.3.1 MeanRefractiveIndexatConcentrationsbelowCNAC 50 2.4.3.2 StandardDeviationofRefractiveIndexatConcentrationsbelow CNAC 50 2.4.4 ConditionsforObservationofAsphalteneMonomersandEvolution ofPrimaryAsphalteneAggregatesRevealedbyFluorescence Measurements 53 2.4.4.1 StudiesofSteady-StateFluorescenceEmission 53 2.4.4.2 StudiesofTime-ResolvedFluorescenceEmission 55 2.4.5 EvolutionofPrimaryAsphalteneAggregatesRevealedbyMass Spectrometry 56 2.4.6 “OpticalInterrogation”RevealsthatPrimaryAsphalteneAggregates arePorousandEntrap/OccludeMoleculesofMetalloporphyrinsand otherCompounds 58 2.4.7 ApparentAbsenceof“ConsecutiveAggregation”inAsphaltene Experiments:RevisedDescriptionoftheObservedNon-monotonic ConcentrationEffectsinDiluteAsphalteneSolutions 62 References 65 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ix 3 ESRCharacterizationofOrganicFreeRadicalsinCrudeOil andBy-Products 77 MarileneTuriniPiccinato,CarmenLuisaBarbosaGuedes andEduardoDiMauro 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Organic-FreeRadicalsinCrudeOil 77 3.3 ESRofCrudeOil 78 3.4 By-ProductOilbyESR 85 3.5 ESRandCalculationsontheElectronicStructureofFreeRadicalsin OilBy-Products 93 References 96 4 High-Field,Pulsed,andDoubleResonanceStudiesofCrude OilsandtheirDerivatives 101 MaratGafurov,M.Volodin,T.Biktagirov,G.MaminandS.B.Orlinskii 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 EPR:BasicPrinciplesandMagneticInteractions 103 4.3 EPRPulseSequences 109 4.4 ApplicationExamples 112 4.4.1 W-Band,RelaxationStudiesofVO2+andFRinAsphaltenes (cid:2) Fractions 112 (cid:2) 4.4.2 ENDORofVO2+inCrudeOilSamples 116 4.5 Conclusion 121 Acknowledgments 121 References 121 5 NMRSpectroscopicAnalysisinCharacterizationofCrudeOil andRelatedProducts 125 SiavashIravani 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 1HNMRand13CNMRSpectroscopyAnalysisMethods 126 5.3 NMRTechniques 127 5.4 ApplicationofNMRAnalysisinCharacterizationofCrudeOiland RelatedProducts 129 5.5 AsphalteneCharacterizationusingNMRTechniques 134 5.6 Conclusions 137 References 137 6 NMRSpectroscopyinBitumenCharacterization 141 CatarinaVaranda,InêsPortugal,JorgeRibeiro,CarlosM.Silva andArturM.S.Silva 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 1Hand13CNMRSpectroscopy 143 (cid:2) (cid:2) x Contents 6.3 Phosphorus-31NMRSpectroscopy 152 6.4 NMRImagingandSolid-StateNMR 154 6.4.1 Solid-StateNMR 154 6.4.2 NMRImaging 155 6.5 Conclusion 156 References 157 7 ApplicationsofLowFieldMagneticResonanceinViscous CrudeOil/WaterPropertyDetermination 163 JonathanL.BryanandApostolosKantzas 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 BackgroundforNMRMeasurements 165 7.2.1 InterpretationofNMRRelaxationRates 167 7.2.2 InterpretationofNMRAmplitudes 171 7.3 FluidContentinOil/WaterSystems 175 7.4 OilViscosityfromNMR 181 7.4.1 ViscosityPredictionsinHighViscosityBitumen 187 7.4.2 ViscosityPredictionsinOilfieldEmulsions 189 7.5 FluidSaturationsandViscosityinPorousMedia 192 7.5.1 PredictionofSaturationsandViscosityfromT relaxation 2 (cid:2) distributions 193 (cid:2) 7.5.2 PredictionofSaturationsfromT –T RelaxationDistributions 200 1 2 7.6 NMRinOil-SolventSystems 206 7.6.1 PredictionsofSolventContentinOil–LiquidSolventSystems 207 7.6.2 PredictionsofNon-EquilibriumViscosityinOil–VaporSolvent Systems 213 7.7 SummaryofNMRandFluidPropertyMeasurements 215 Acknowledgments 216 References 217 8 ApplicationofNear-InfraredSpectroscopytothe CharacterizationofPetroleum 221 PatriciaAraujoPantoja,JuanLópez-Gejo,ClaudioAugustoOllerdo NascimentoandGaloAntonioCarrilloLeRoux 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 SampleHandlingandPreparation 222 8.3 Near-InfraredSpectroscopy 223 8.3.1 Near-InfraredinRefineries 227 8.4 Chemometrics 228 8.4.1 Pretreatment 228 8.4.1.1 Smoothing 228 8.4.1.2 MultiplicativeScatterCorrection 228 8.4.1.3 MeanCentering 229 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents xi 8.4.1.4 Derivation 230 8.4.2 CalibrationModel 230 8.4.2.1 PrincipalComponentAnalysis(PCA) 231 8.4.2.2 PartialLeastSquaresRegression 232 8.4.2.3 ArtificialNeuralNetworks 234 8.4.3 Validation 234 8.4.4 OtherMethods 235 8.5 CommercialNIREquipmentandIndustrialApplications 236 8.5.1 IndustrialApplications 236 8.5.1.1 PipelineProductAnalysisandIdentification 238 8.5.1.2 CrudeDistillationOptimization 238 8.5.1.3 ProductBlending 238 8.5.1.4 EthanolFermentation 238 8.5.1.5 ConjugatedDiolefinsinPygas 238 8.5.1.6 RegulatoryFuelScreening 238 8.6 Conclusions 239 References 239 9 RamanandInfraredSpectroscopyofCrudeOilandits Constituents 245 (cid:2) JohannesKieferandStellaCorsetti (cid:2) 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 FundamentalsofRamanandInfraredSpectroscopy 246 9.3 InfraredSpectroscopy 249 9.4 RamanSpectroscopy 251 9.5 EvaluationofVibrationalSpectra 257 9.6 Applications 261 9.7 Conclusion 266 References 267 Index 271 (cid:2)

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Basic theory, applications, and recent trends in analytical techniques used in crude oil and related products analysis This book covers the application of different spectroscopic methods to characterize crude oil and related products. Its topics are presented in a pedagogical manner so that those ne
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