Analysis of Oceanic Waters and Sediments

306 Pages·2016·9.614 MB·English

by  Crompton, Thomas Roy

ANALYSIS OF
OCEANIC WATERS
AND SEDIMENTS

ANALYSIS OF
OCEANIC WATERS
AND SEDIMENTS
THOMAS ROY CROMPTON
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Sampling Devices and Sample Storage of Nonsaline Water
and Seawater .........................................................................................1
1.1 Sampling Devices ......................................................................1
1.2 Analysis of Surface Samples .....................................................2
1.3 Surface Sampling ......................................................................4
1.4 Intercomparison of Sampling Devices and Analytical
Techniques Using Water from a CEPEX (Controlled
Ecosystem Pollution Experiment) Enclosure ............................6
1.5 Intercomparison of Seawater Sampling for Trace Metals .........9
References ..........................................................................................11
Chapter 2 Sample Preservation during Shipment and Storage ...........................13
2.1 Loss of Silver, Arsenic, Cadmium, Selenium, and Zinc
from Seawater by Sorption on Various Container Surfaces .....18
2.2 Loss of Cadmium, Lead, and Copper from Seawater in
Low-Density Polyethylene Containers ....................................20
2.3 Loss of Zinc, Cadmium, Strontium, Antimony, Iron,
Silver, Copper, Cobalt, Rubidium, Scandium, and
Uranium from Water Samples in Polyethylene and
Glass Containers ......................................................................22
References ..........................................................................................23
Chapter 3 Determination of Cations in Seawater ...............................................27
3.1 Aluminium ..............................................................................27
3.1.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................27
3.1.2 Spectrofluorometric Methods .....................................27
3.1.3 Stripping Voltammetry ...............................................32
3.1.4 Other Procedures ........................................................32
3.2 Ammonium ..............................................................................32
3.2.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................32
3.2.2 Spectrofluorometric Metals ........................................34
3.2.3 Flow Injection Analysis ..............................................34
3.2.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography ..............35
3.2.5 Other Procedures ........................................................35
v
vi Contents
3.3 Antimony .................................................................................35
3.3.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................35
3.3.2 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ..............................................................36
3.3.3 Other Procedures ........................................................37
3.4 Arsenic.....................................................................................37
3.4.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................37
3.4.2 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ..............................................................37
3.4.3 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ..................................38
3.4.4 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ..............................39
3.4.5 Neutron Activation Analysis ......................................39
3.4.6 Other Procedures ........................................................39
3.5 Barium .....................................................................................39
3.5.1 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ..............................................................40
3.5.2 Other Procedures ........................................................40
3.6 Beryllium .................................................................................40
3.6.1 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ..............................................................40
3.6.2 Other Procedures ........................................................40
3.7 Bismuth ....................................................................................41
3.7.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................41
3.7.2 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ..............................................................41
3.7.3 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ..................................41
3.8 Boron .......................................................................................42
3.8.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................42
3.8.2 Phosphorimetric Methods ..........................................43
3.8.3 Coulometric Methods .................................................43
3.8.4 Other Procedures ........................................................43
3.9 Cadmium .................................................................................43
3.9.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................43
3.9.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ..............................................................44
3.9.3 Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ................45
3.9.4 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ..............................46
3.9.5 Polarography ..............................................................47
3.9.6 Miscellaneous .............................................................47
3.9.7 Other Procedures ........................................................48
3.10 Caesium ...................................................................................48
3.10.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................48
3.10.2 Other Procedures ........................................................49
3.11 Calcium....................................................................................49
3.11.1 Titration Methods .......................................................49
3.11.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................51
Contents vii
3.11.3 Flame Photometry ......................................................51
3.11.4 Calcium-Selective Electrodes ....................................51
3.11.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectrometry ..............................................................52
3.11.6 Other Procedures ........................................................52
3.12 Cerium .....................................................................................52
3.12.1 Spectrofluorometric Methods .....................................52
3.12.2 Other Procedures ........................................................52
3.13 Chromium ................................................................................52
3.13.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................53
3.13.2 Chemiluminescence Methods ....................................53
3.13.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................54
3.13.3.1 Tri- and Hexa-Valent Chromium ..............54
3.13.3.2 Organic Forms of Chromium ...................54
3.13.3.3 Collection of Chromium(III) and
Chromium(V) with Hydrated
Iron(III) or Bismuth Oxide .......................54
3.13.3.4 Collection of Chromium(III) Organic
Complexes with Hydrated Iron(III)
or Bismuth Oxide ......................................55
3.13.3.5 Zeeman Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry ............................................56
3.13.3.6 Gas Chromatography ................................56
3.13.3.7 High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography .......................................56
3.13.3.8 Isotope Dilution Gas
Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry ......56
3.13.3.9 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ................57
3.13.3.10 Speciation .................................................57
3.13.3.11 Other Procedures ......................................57
3.14 Cobalt.......................................................................................57
3.14.1 Spectrometric Methods ..............................................57
3.14.1.1 Further Analysis .......................................57
3.14.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ...........................58
3.14.3 Flow Injection Analysis ..............................................58
3.14.4 Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry ...............................58
3.14.5 Polarography ..............................................................58
3.14.6 Other Procedures ........................................................59
3.15 Copper .....................................................................................59
3.15.1 Titration Procedure ....................................................60
3.15.2 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................60
3.15.3 Fluorescence-Based Fibre-Optic Biosensor ...............61
3.15.4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................61
3.15.5 Ion-Selective Electrodes .............................................61
3.15.6 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ..................................62
3.15.7 Neutron Activation Analysis ......................................64
viii Contents
3.15.8 Miscellaneous .............................................................64
3.15.9 Copper Speciation ......................................................64
3.15.10 Further Techniques .....................................................66
3.16 Dysprosium ..............................................................................66
3.16.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis ...........................................66
3.17 Erbium .....................................................................................67
3.17.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis ...........................................67
3.18 Europium .................................................................................67
3.18.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis ...........................................67
3.18.2 Neutron Activation Analysis ......................................67
3.19 Gadolinium ..............................................................................67
3.19.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis ...........................................67
3.20 Gallium ....................................................................................67
3.20.1 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ..............................67
3.21 Germanium ..............................................................................67
3.21.1 Hydride Generation Furnace Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry ...........................................67
3.22 Gold .........................................................................................68
3.22.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry .......68
3.22.2 Neutron Activation Analysis ......................................68
3.22.3 Miscellaneous .............................................................68
3.23 Holmium ..................................................................................68
3.23.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis ...........................................68
3.24 Indium .....................................................................................68
3.24.1 Neutron Activation Analysis ......................................68
3.24.2 Other Procedures ........................................................69
3.25 Iridium .....................................................................................69
3.25.1 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry..............................................................69
3.26 Iron ..........................................................................................69
3.26.1 Spectrophotometric Methods .....................................70
3.26.2 Chemiluminescence Analysis ....................................70
3.26.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................70
3.26.4 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry .....71
3.26.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry .......71
3.26.6 Fluorescence Siderophore Sensor...............................71
3.26.7 Miscellaneous .............................................................72
3.26.8 Further Techniques .....................................................72
3.27 Lanthanum ...............................................................................72
3.27.1 Isotope Dilution Method ............................................72
3.27.2 Neutron Activation Analysis ......................................72
3.28 Lead .........................................................................................72
3.28.1 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy ...........................72
3.28.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ..............................73
3.28.3 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry..............................................................73