Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors PDF
Preview Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors
Analysis of Environmental 1 0 0 Endocrine Disruptors w 7.f 4 7 0 0- 0 0 2 k- b 1/ 2 0 1 0. 1 oi: d org 99 | cs.19 ubs.aer 6, pb 2012 | http://Date: Decem ugust 12, blication Au P In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. 1 0 0 w 7.f 4 7 0 0- 0 0 2 k- b 1/ 2 0 1 0. 1 oi: d org 99 | cs.19 ubs.aer 6, pb 2012 | http://Date: Decem ugust 12, blication Au P In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 747 Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors 1 0 0 w 7.f 4 7 0 0- 0 0 2 k- b 1/ 2 0 1 0. Lawrence H. Keith, EDITOR 1 doi: Waste Policy Institute org 99 | cs.19 ubs.aer 6, Tammy L. Jones-Lepp, EDITOR pb 2012 | http://Date: Decem UnitedL Satartreys ELn.v Niroenemdehnataml P, rEotDecItTioOnR Agency ugust 12, blication Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Au P American Chemical Society, Washington, DC In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Analysis of environmental endocrine disruptors / Lawrence H. Keith, Tammy L. Jones-Lepp, Larry L. Needham, editors. p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156 ; 747) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8412-3650-X 1 0 w0 1. Environmental toxicology Congresses. 2. Endocrine toxicology 7.f Congresses. 4 7 0-0 I. Keith, Lawrence H., 1938- . Π. Jones-Lepp, Tammy L. III. Needham, 0 Larry L. IV. Series. 0 2 k- b RA1226.A53 2000 1/ 2 615.9'02—dc21 99-42831 0 0.1 CIP 1 oi: d cs.org 1999 | TInhfeor pmaatpieorn u Ssceide nicne msi—Pse rpumbalniecnatcieo no mfe Peatpesr t hfoer m Pirninitmeudm L irberqauriyre Mmaetnetrisa losf, A AmNerSiIca Zn3 9N.a4t8i-on1a98l4 S.ta ndard for pubs.aber 6, Copyright © 2000 American Chemical Society 2012 | http://Date: Decem ADilslt rRiibguhttesd Rbeyse Orxvfeodr.d RUenpirvoegrsriatphyi Pcre csosp ying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. ugust 12, blication pCReoappguyebrli iigcsha ttpia Aoicndt to iors trahelpelro oCwdoeupcdyt rifioognrh tifno tCrelr esnaaalrlae nu cosefe p Coaengnletyes,r ,ip nrIo ntvchi.ids,e db2o 2toh2ak tR ioass pepeewrro-mocihtdatpe tDderi rov nefle,ye D uaonnfdv ee$r2rs0 .l,i0 cM0en Aspel u f01sr9 o$20m3. A,2C 5US S.pAe r. A Pu Direct these and other permissions requests to ACS Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work mat may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. Advisory Board ACS Symposium Series Mary E. Castellion Omkaram Nalamasu ChemEdit Company AT&T Bell Laboratories Arthur B. Ellis Kinam Park 01 University of Wisconsin at Madison Purdue University 0 w 47.f Jeffrey S. Gaffhey {Catherine R. Porter 07 Argonne National Laboratory Duke University 0- 0 1/bk-20 UGnuivnedrsait yI. o Gf Keaonrsga s TDhoeu DgAlaSs G Aro. uSpm, Iintch. 2 10 Lawrence P. Klemann 0. Martin R. Tant 1 Nabisco Foods Group oi: Eastman Chemical Co. d cs.org 1999 | RUnicivhearsritdy Nof. MLisoseopurpik y PMarickhe-aDealv iDs P. hTaarmylaocreu tical ubs.aer 6, Cynthia A. Maryanoff Research pb ugust 12, 2012 | http://blication Date: Decem RURn.o RaWivgteee .srU erJsario trAbhycan .hno sMa ofI -InnClisl nihPtniatehoumaaitrsrepm a iagcneu tical UWDLuneiPirvlooleinryast mi tBCy .o o CmTf. pMo aWwnicynha ilsgkeaennrd Au P In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. Foreword THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The pur pose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books devel oped from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific re search. Occasionally, books are developed from symposia sponsored 1 by other organizations when the topic is of keen interest to the chem 0 0 w istry audience. 47.f Before agreeing to publish a book, the proposed table of contents 7 0-0 is reviewed for appropriate and comprehensive coverage and for in 0 0 terest to the audience. Some papers may be excluded in order to better 2 bk- focus the book; others may be added to provide comprehensiveness. 1/ 2 When appropriate, overview or introductory chapters are added. 0 1 0. Drafts of chapters are peer-reviewed prior to final acceptance or re 1 oi: jection, and manuscripts are prepared in camera-ready format. d cs.org 1999 | pers Aasr ea irnuclleu,d oendl yin o trhigei nvaoll uremseeasr. cVhe prabpaetirms arnepdr oordiugcintiaoln rse ovife wpr epvai ubs.aer 6, ously published papers are not accepted. pb 2012 | http://Date: Decem ACS BOOKS DEPARTMENT ugust 12, blication Au P In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. Preface With the public's first collective recognition of the direct linkages between the industrial world and the natural environment, catalyzed largely by the publi cation of Silent Spring in 1962, new environmental concerns cycle through pub lic and scientific debate at a seemingly escalating pace. An international dialog 1 00 was begun in 1962 with concern over the use of DDT and its adverse effects on 7.pr predatory birds; Times Beach and dioxin then became household words— 4 7 followed by the apples-and-Alar scare. 0 0- 0 A third of a century later, with the 1996 publication of Our Stolen Future, 0 2 k- the most recent focus of concern is on chemicals that might have adverse effects b 1/ on endocrine systems—in both humans and other organisms. This chemically 2 10 diverse suite of substances has been named endocrine disrupting chemicals 0. 1 (EDCs). As with prior debates among believers and skeptics regarding the doi: significance of chemicals in the environment, eventually yielding to concerted org 99 | scientific research, EDCs are experiencing the same type of discourse. At one http://pubs.acs.December 6, 19 rceexhpterrmeoMmdicueaac,nl tsyi otiqhnnue .o e usArtbi etod lnitihesete v saeuorretrshr ooefurm ,nm adthio neErte Da sickCnoe snp. cttAhiecarrsnte stthhtEaaeDtnseeC a tschn hathetp rmonorapitcteouangrldsea nlaliytct h torceac hcceeeum nreidrnci nvagilors fo.b niomhauecmntitavanel 2 | e: concentrations adversely affecting endocrine systems? Are human sperm counts 201Dat down? Is the female-to-male birth ratio becoming skewed? Do these chemicals August 12, Publication oacfch te tmahleiocsnaeel sco hra erdemo iaeccsa tluas a,s lylaynn edEr gDwiCshtsia,c t aeanffrdee c wtt hhoeicicrch u ura?lrt eim Hnaootwet? wenNidveeirwsop nrqmeuaeedsn ttiiaso ln thsf ea tceooscn?ct iunrurWeen hctaoet emerge at a pace exceeding science's ability to address them. The 216th American Chemical Society National Meeting presented an opportunity to convene a special ACS symposium, in Boston, that highlighted the issues surrounding EDCs. This book assembles from the symposium a col lection of chapters addressing effects and emerging issues involving EDCs on humans, wildlife, and research animals, the results of current efforts to develop screening methods for EDCs, current efforts to develop confirmatory monitoring and measurement methods to complement the results from the screening methods, and current updates on regulatory and policy issues involving moni toring and regulation of EDCs in the environment and food. We thank the authors for contributing their well-written and thought-provoking chapters for ix In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. this book. It is our hope that through broadened and vigorous dialog some of the mystery surrounding EDCs can be brought out into the scientific light and made less mysterious to both the scientific and lay community. We will need to approach the issues surrounding EDCs in a holistic manner by examining the intricacies of the chemical-exposure-effect continuum. LAWRENCE H. KEITH Waste Policy Institute Suite 2100, 2000 Draft Drive Blacksburg, VA 24060-6354 TAMMY L. JONES-LEPP 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 0 0 pr P.O. Box 93478 7. 4 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 7 0 0- 0 0 k-2 LARRY L. NEEDHAM 1/b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2 0 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F17 1 10. Atlanta, GA 30341 oi: d org 99 | http://pubs.acs.December 6, 19 2 | e: 201Dat August 12, Publication x In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. Chapter 1 Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing: A Consensus Strategy G. E. Timm and A. F. Maciorowski Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460 1 0 0 h c 7. 4 7 0 0- 0 0 2 k- 1/b Over the past five years, endocrine disrupting chemicals have emerged as a major 2 environmental science and policy issue. Documented effects to fish and wildlife 0 0.1 populations, coupled with evidence form human poisonings, epidemiology, and oi: 1 eaxffpeecrtiinmge nrteaplr otdoxuicctoiolong ayn hda vdeev leeldop tmoe annt. emIne rrgeinspgo nhsyep ottoh tehsiess eth caotn ccheermnsic, athlse m Ua.Sy. be d 2012 | http://pubs.acs.org Date: December 6, 1999 | CpcrpWe(imEehsreotsoeDsaapengmttbaliSegrecrlrraTimiiccsdem aAhhAseelisnC. nssct tp togi)ffn ao (ot SsutbgorhsDne e aeaetdWdtsd eEtn vrirteAnnoihs wdgu )eedoe n rArnFtcdihernimoegicekronue s idAenetlnaaf dggQtfDnoeme dwirucnsteyar catnsulh tyipe ttpoe sryrotno o obnPsg rofarh r tusaouS1himrtm9cceec9r ce ,sae6d tcseinEe.oin es fPniinhongTA ecrAngahe orc leato ettohnh sf F(pfe dFaQa oer nQnnnPT hdd dPAeeoeo Asnp rcdtrdmier)en ro ibqanomgcnuynre iAiida r tnsdepsl deti s oshevE r ndfEieufPssiePso poArcSrArtutai iysotnp fto .netCgo o , sF D orscfaocamr rnrscecicendeumereknds ebnieite ntdwy neg i eint hg August 12, Publication Background Scientific evidence has accumulated that humans, domestic animals, and fish and wildlife species have displayed adverse impacts form exposure to chemicals that interact with the endocrine system (1, 2). To date, such problems have been best © 2000 American Chemical Society 1 In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999. 2 documented in humans, and domestic and wildlife species that have been exposed to high concentrations of organochlorine compounds (e.g., DDT and its metabolite DDE, PCBs, and dioxins), and to a few naturally occurring plant estrogens (5). However, whether such effects in the human population at-large can be attributed to environmental concentrations of contaminants remains unclear. Conflicting reports regarding declines in the quality and quantity of sperm production in humans have been published (i). Although reported increases in cancers of endocrine sensitive tissues (e.g., breast, prostate, testicular) are clear, direct evidence linking disease trends with exposure to environmental pollutants is scant. An endocrine-related basis for such effects is plausible, but considerable scientific uncertainty exists. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that small disturbances in endocrine function, particularly during certain highly sensitive stages of the life cycle (e.g., development, 1 pregnancy, lactation), can lead to profound irreversible adverse effects (3, 4). 0 h0 Taken collectively, the body of scientific research on human epidemiology, c 7. laboratory animals, fish and wildlife provides a plausible scientific hypothesis that 4 7 0 environmental contaminants can disrupt the endocrine system leading to adverse 0- 0 health consequences. A critical issue is whether ambient environmental 0 2 k- concentrations are sufficiently high to exert adverse effects on the general population. b 1/ Epidemiology, mammalian toxicology, and ecological toxicology investigations are all 2 10 necessary to resolve the fundamental scientific questions and uncertainties surrounding 0. 1 the endocrine disruptor issue. doi: The U.S. has implemented a two-part approach to endocrine disruptors. The org 99 | first, is a research program to increase understanding of the basic scientific issues http://pubs.acs.December 6, 19 pcTorhonegc reNarmneei ndtog f ioedrne dnRoteicfsryei naaern cddh ics hruarpatciotenr.i zTe hthe es eecfofencdts i so af erengduolcartionrey dsicsrreuepntiinngg acnhdem teisctainlsg. 2012 | Date: A research agenda to assist the Federal government in making informed decisions August 12, Publication rwideogenrakrtidsfhiineodgp sfe rnhodemold ct rhiinen e1w 9do9irs5kr us(5hp,ot o5pr)ss.. wTahse dfeovlleolwopinegd mfoarj hoer arletshe aarncdh e qcuoelostgioicnasl ewffeercet s at two • What types of adverse effects are caused by endocrine disruptors? • What chemicals are responsible for causing endocrine disruption? • What exposure levels are required to cause adverse effects? • Are effects on fish and wildlife due to isolated high exposure incidents or the result of a broader environmental contamination problem? • How much exposure do humans, fish and wildlife have to endocrine disrupting chemicals? • What is the shape of the dose-response curve? In Analysis of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors; Keith, L., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
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