analysis of agroforestry practices in the guinea savannah ecological zone

244 Pages·2014·4.47 MB·English

ANALYSIS OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES IN THE
GUINEA SAVANNAH ECOLOGICAL ZONE: A CASE STUDY
OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF NIGERIA

BY
CLEMENT DIDI CHUP
(PGES/UJ/12687/99)
B. Sc. (HONS), BENIN, 1986; M.Sc. UNIMAID, 1995

A Thesis in the Department Of GEOGRAPHY AND
PLANNING, Faculty of Environmental Sciences

Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies
University of Jos in Partial Fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) of the
UNIVERSITY OF JOS

OCTOBER, 2004
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DECLARATION
I, Clement Didi Chup, do hereby declare that this thesis has been written
by me and is a record of my own original research, and no part of the
thesis has, to my knowledge, been presented or published anywhere and
at anytime for the award of any higher degree; and all quotations and
references have been duly acknowledged.

_________________
Chup, C. D.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis has been made possible through the assistance and
support of several people to whom I am indebted, and wish to express
my profound gratitude. The following have however been of much
assistance, and the work would not be complete without mentioning
them. My unquantifiable gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor A. A.
Adepetu. You have been very gracious to me with your time, knowledge
and materials. You have always been there for me, and I truly lack words
to express my sincere appreciation. You are indeed a father and a
mentor. May the good Lord continue to bless you and your family
abundantly. I am also grateful to the following lecturers of the Department
of Geography and Planning, University of Jos for their constructive criticisms,
encouragement and assistance. Dr. A.C. Eziashi; Dr. J. Dung-Gwom; Dr. E.A.
Olowolafe; Professor J.A.O. Olaniyan, Mr. V.C. Iheamagbullem and Dr. D.
D. Dabi.
I also wish to express gratitude to my brother, Hon. Alex S. Chup; his
wife, Jessicah; and the family, for all the assistance, love and support
throughout the period of this work. It would have been unbearable without
you. I also say a big thank you to Dr. E.H. Kwon-Ndung of N.R.C.I. Badegi;
for his concern and occasional inspiring questions, which kept me going.
The following colleagues in the Department of Geography, University of
Abuja have also been of tremendous assistance and I am very grateful to
them. They include Mr. P.D. Dawam, for giving me the initial encouragement
and support, late Professor O. Balogun, for consistently willing to “assist in
any little way” and for his motivation [May his soul rest in perfect peace]; Dr.
(Mrs.) R. Mundi; Mr. S.P. Ejaro; Mrs. M.L. Garba; Mall. S.M. Hassan; Dr. S.A.
Mashi and M.M. Alhassan. Also from the same university, are Professor J.S.A.
Adelabu (Physics Department); Professor A.A. Idrees (History department);
Professor S.E. Gbillekaa (Theatre Arts); Dr. V.E. Ekhator (Public
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Administration); as well as Dr. P. Idisi; Dr. E. Aiyedun and Dr. P. Siyan
(Economics Department), for their encouragement.
I am also grateful to the following friends who have contributed
enormously to the success of this work. These are Dr. B.M. Matur, Dr. M.A.
Maisamari; Dr. S. Dauda; Dr. H.D. Aliyu; Dr. Y.A. Zoaka and Mr. G.O.
Wafure, all of the University of Abuja. I pray that God’s abundant reward will
be showered on you all. I also acknowledge the good wishes and support of
all members of the COCIN Church, Giri L.C.C. Abuja.
The staff of the Abuja Agricultural Development Programme (AADP),
particularly, Mr. Moses Anaukwu; Mr. Emmanuel O. Muyiwa; Alhaji S.O.
Sadiq and all the extension officers,have been of great assistance. Some
professionals have also contributed in the production of materials and final
copies of this work. These include Mr. Mustapha Jibril (Biological Science
Department), Sa’datu James and Omojola Ajayi (Geography Department,);
Raji Salaudeen (Faculty of Science); Kate Agbons, David Water and Rita
(Alpha Business Centre, Gwagwalada). I am also grateful to Mr. Dinka Simon
of Giri Village and Awoji John of Awoji and Awoji Computers, Gwagwalada,
Abuja. I say a big thank you, and wish you the best of luck.
Furthermore, I wish to express sincere appreciation and special thanks
to my beloved wife (Josephine), and my children (Nathanael, Tina, Shishang
and Ephraim), for the unquantifiable sacrifices they made and for their
prayers and support throughout the period this work was carried out.
Above all, I am most grateful to God Almighty for His ever sufficient
grace, care, provision and protection. To Him be glory, honour and
adoration. It is His doing and may His name be praised.
Chup, C.D.
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my father, Mr. Chup, D. Manbok; for his
initial support and sacrifice for my education; and also to my father in-law
(Late Mr. Toma C. Mbellem) for his encouragement. May his gentle soul
rest in perfect peace! Amen.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE I
DECLARATION PAGE II
CERTIFICATION PAGE III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
DEDICATION VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
APPENDICES XI
LIST OF TABLES XII
LIST OF FIGURES XIV
LIST OF PLATES XV
ABSTRACT XVI

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1
1.2 THE STUDY PROBLEM 8
1.2.1 Background to the Problem 8
1.2.2 Research Questions 10
1.2.3 Problem Formulation 11
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 13
1.4 STUDY HYPOTHESES 14
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 14
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY 15
1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 16
1.7.1 Land Use and Population Relationship 16
1.7.2 Adaptation 18
1.7.3 Models of Adaptation 21

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION 24
2.2 DEFINITION OF AGROFORESTRY 25
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF AGROFORESTRY 32
2.4 AGROFORESTRY IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE 36
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2.4.1 Agroforestry in North-America 36
2.4.2 Agroforestry in New Zealand 38
2.4.3 Agroforestry in Temperate Australia 40
2.4.4 Agroforestry in China 43
2.4.5 Agroforestry in Europe 45
2.5 AGROFORESTRY IN THE TROPICS 46
2.5.1 Agroforestry in Tropical Asia 47
2.5.2 Agroforestry in Central and South America 50
2.5.3 Agroforestry in East and Central Africa 52
2.5.4 Agroforestry in West-Africa 58
2.6 AGROFORESTRY IN NIGERIA 60
2.6.1 Shifting Cultivation 61
2.6.2 Scattered Farm Trees 62
2.6.3 Home Gardens 63
2.6.4 Taungya 63
2.6.5 Shelter Belts 64
2.6.6 Alley Cropping 65
2.6.7 Boundary Trees 66
2.6.8 Dune Fixation 66
2.6.9 Aquaforestry 67

CHAPTER THREE: STUDY LOCATION
3.1 LOCATION AND SIZE 68
3.2 GEOLOGY AND LANDFORMS 68
3.3 SOILS 71
3.4 CLIMATE 72
3.5 VEGETATION 74
3.5.1 The Forest Vegetation 75
3.5.2 The Savannah Vegetation 77
3.6 POPULATION 80
3.7 SETTLEMENTS 82

CHAPTER FOUR: MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1 DATA NEEDS 85
4.2 DATA SOURCES 86
4.3 DATA COLLECTION 88
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4.3.1 Procedures for Data Collection 88
4.3.2 Instruments of Data Collection 90
4.3.3 Field Measurement 90
4.3.4 Field Observation 92
4.4 QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT AND ADMINISTRATION 92
4.4.1 Questionnaire Structure and Content 93
4.4.2 Questionnaire Administration 94
4.5 SAMPLING PROCEDURE 94
4.5.1 Sampling Frame 94
4.5.2 Sampling Fraction 96
4.5.3 Sampling Techniques 96
4.6 DATA ANALYSIS 97
4.7 PROBLEMS OF RESEARCH 98

CHAPTER FIVE: DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
5.1 NUMBER OF SAMPLED FARMERS IN AGROFORESTRY 100
5.2 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
FARMERS PRACTISING AGROFORESTRY 102
5.3 FORMS OF AGROFORESTRY 106
5.4 THE EXTENT OF AGROFORESTRY 109
5.4.1 Extent of Agroforestry Practices 109
5.4.2 Agroforestry Species 110
5.4.3 Temporal Dimension of Agroforestry 128
5.5 OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF AGROFORESTRY
FARMS 129
5.5.1. Ownership of Agroforestry Farms 129
5.5.2. Management of Agroforestry Farms 133
5.6 SPONSORSHIP AND SUPPORT FOR AGROFORESTRY 135
5.6.1 Sponsorship of Agroforestry Practices 135
5.6.2 Support for Agroforestry 138
5.7 ACCESSIBILITY TO LAND AND ITS RESOURCES 141
5.8 BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY 143
5.8.1 Procurement of Manure 143
5.8.2 Improvement in Soil quality 145
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5.8.3 Ecosystem Stability 145
5.8.4 Provision of Shade 146
5.8.5 Improvement in Family Income 147
5.8.6 Increased Variety of Food 148
5.8.7 Extraction for Fuelwood 149
5.8.9 Extractions for Medicinal Purposes 150

CHAPTER SIX: HYPOTHESES VERIFICATION
6.1 VERIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS I 169
6.1.1 Comparison of Number of Farmers 169
6.1.2 Comparison of Crop Species 170
6.1.3 Comparison of Animal Types 170
6.1.4 Decision on Hypothesis I 171
6.2 VERIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS II 171
6.2.1 Test for Variation in Number of Farmers 172
by Area Councils
6.2.2 Test for Variations in Accessibility to Resources 173
6.2.3 Test for Spatial Variations in Crops Cultivated by 174
Agroforestry Farmers
6.2.4 Test for Spatial Variation in Tree Types Maintained by 176
Agroforestry Farmers
6.2.5 Test for Spatial Variation in Animals Reared 177
6.2.6 Test for Spatial Variations in Additives Used by 178
Agroforestry Farmers.
6.2.7 Decision on Hypothesis II 179

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION
7.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 181
7.2 CONCLUSION 184
7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 186

SUMMARY OF RESULTS 190

CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE 191

REFERENCES 192