Analysis, design and construction of foundations

611 Pages·2021·324.55 MB·English

by  Leilei Liu, Chi Wai Law, Y. M. Cheng

Analysis, Design
and Construction of
Foundations

Analysis, Design
and Construction of
Foundations
Yung Ming Cheng
Chi Wai Law
Leilei Liu
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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© 2021 Yung Ming Cheng, Chi Wai Law, and Leilei Liu
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Cheng, Y. M., author. | Law, Chi Wai, author. | Liu, Leilei, author.
Title: Analysis, design and construction of foundations / Yung Ming Cheng,
Chi Wai Law, Leilei Liu.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. | Includes
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020020476 (print) | LCCN 2020020477 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367255572 (hbk) | ISBN 9780367558567 (pbk) | ISBN 9780429293450
(ebk) | ISBN 9781000194029 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781000194036 (mobi) |
ISBN 9781000194043 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Foundations.
Classification: LCC TA775.C465 2021 (print) | LCC TA775 (ebook) | DDC
624.1/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn. loc. gov/ 2020020476
LC ebook record available at https://lccn. loc. gov/ 2020020477
ISBN: 978-0-367-25557-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-29345-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
Authors xvii
1 Introduction to geotechnical analysis, site investigation
and in‑situ tests 1
1.1 Introduction to geotechnical analysis and design 1
1.2 Problems in computational analysis 13
1.3 Site investigation methods 22
1.3.1 Auger boring 30
1.3.2 Percussion boring 30
1.3.3 Rotary boring 30
1.3.3.1 Open hole drilling 32
1.3.3.2 Rotary core drilling 32
1.3.4 Wash boring 33
1.4 Soil and rock sampling 34
1.4.1 Sampling quality 34
1.4.2 Samplers 36
1.4.2.1 Block sample 36
1.4.2.2 Open tube sampler 36
1.4.2.3 Non-return valve 37
1.4.2.4 Split barrel standard
penetration test sampler 37
1.4.2.5 Thin-walled stationary piston sampler 38
1.4.2.6 Rotary core samples 38
1.5 Presentation of site investigation results
and geotechnical investigation report 39
1.6 Laboratory tests vs in-situ tests 44
1.7 In-situ tests 45
1.7.1 Standard penetration test (SPT) 46
v
vi Contents
1.7.2 Vane shear test (VST) 49
1.7.2.1 Vane shear test for clay 50
1.7.3 Cone penetration test (CPT) 52
1.7.4 Pressuremeter test (PMT) 56
1.7.5 Dilatometer test (DMT) 58
1.7.6 Other in-situ tests 61
1.8 Geophysical exploration 63
1.9 Rock as an engineering material 64
1.9.1 Brief discussion about rock types 64
1.9.2 Joints and discontinuity in the rock 66
1.9.3 Description of rock 67
1.9.4 Test for rock specimens 68
Appendix: Cavity expansion Analysis for Pressuremeter Test 71
References 78
Further reading 79
2 Ultimate limit state analysis of shallow foundations 81
2.1 General descriptions and types of shallow foundations 81
2.2 Failure modes of shallow foundations on the soil 83
2.3 Bearing capacity of a shallow foundation on the soil 87
2.4 Applications of bearing capacity factors for
shallow foundation designs on the soil 100
2.5 Use of design codes 102
2.6 Bearing capacity from plasticity theory 103
2.6.1 Boundary conditions in a bearing
capacity problem 112
2.7 Bearing capacity using a finite element method 117
2.8 Bearing capacity using a distinct element method 118
2.9 Plate load test 122
References 126
Further reading 128
3 Serviceability limit state of shallow foundation 129
3.1 Introduction 129
3.2 Stress and displacement due to point
load, line load and others 130
3.3 Settlement of foundations for simple cases 151
3.4 Consolidation and creep settlement 154
3.5 Axi-symmetric consolidation 168
3.5.1 Use of sand drain/wick drain 172
3.5.2 Vacuum preloading 173
Contents vii
3.6 Use of foundation codes 175
3.7 Computation methods 177
Appendix A: Programme for 1D consolidation 179
Appendix B: Extension to 2D and 3D Biot consolidation 213
Bibliography 218
4 Analysis and design of footing, raft foundation
and pile cap 219
4.1 Use of classical rigid design method for simple footing 219
4.1.1 Classical rigid analysis 222
4.2 The Winkler spring model for foundation analysis 226
4.3 Analysis of raft foundation 229
4.4 Plate analysis of a raft foundation 236
4.5 Design to a 3D stress field 243
4.6 Design by strut-and-tie model 249
4.7 Continuum subgrade model 252
4.8 Computer modelling of complicated raft foundations 257
4.9 Illustration 264
References 269
Further reading 269
5 Excavation and lateral support system (ELS) 271
5.1 Types of retaining systems 271
5.1.1 Sheet pile wall system 273
5.1.2 Soldier pile wall system 275
5.1.3 Caisson wall system 276
5.1.4 Diaphragm wall system 278
5.1.5 Secant pile wall system 281
5.1.6 Pipe pile wall system 281
5.1.7 PIP wall system 281
5.1.8 Method of excavation 284
5.2 Lateral earth pressure for an ELS 288
5.3 Soil lateral earth pressure 288
5.3.1 At-rest earth pressure coefficient 288
5.3.2 Rankine earth pressure 289
5.3.3 Coulomb earth pressure 291
5.3.4 Discussion of 2D earth pressure theory 294
5.3.5 3D lateral earth pressure 295
5.3.6 Axi-symmetric lateral earth pressure 298
5.4 Groundwater tables during excavation 307
5.4.1 Free surface seepage flow 311
viii Contents
5.5 Analysis and design of the ELS 314
5.5.1 Subgrade reaction model 315
5.5.2 2D/3D finite element/difference methods 316
5.5.2.1 Classical method of analysis 321
5.5.2.2 Cantilever case 322
5.5.2.3 Free/fixed earth method
for one layer of a strut 325
5.5.2.4 Depth of penetration required 329
5.5.3 Equivalent earth pressure 331
5.6 Ground settlement 332
5.7 Basal stability problem in clay 334
5.8 Monitoring scheme 334
5.8.1 Importance of IoT monitoring
and instantaneous analysis 337
References 339
Further reading 340
6 Pile engineering 343
6.1 Classification of piles 343
6.2 Installation of piles 344
6.3 Analysis and structural design of a single
pile – vertical and horizontal loads 346
6.3.1 Steel pile by driving or jacking/bore and socket 349
6.3.2 Small diameter bore pile 349
6.3.3 Large diameter bore pile 351
6.3.4 Mini-pile 352
6.4 Geotechnical design of pile 353
6.4.1 Static formula 353
6.4.2 Dynamic formulae 362
6.5 Lateral load analysis 378
6.5.1 Ultimate analysis 378
6.5.2 Lateral deflection of pile 381
6.6 Pile settlement of a single pile and a pile group 390
6.7 Classical pile group analysis 398
6.8 Negative skin friction 403
6.9 Static load test on the pile 403
6.10 Pile integrity tests 405
6.11 Low strain echo test 405
6.12 Typical test procedure 406
6.13 Vibration test 406
6.14 Large strain test 408
Contents ix
6.15 Coring test 408
References 410
Further reading 410
7 Slope stability analysis and stabilisation 413
7.1 General introduction 413
7.2 Definition of the factor of safety 417
7.3 Slope stability analysis – the limit equilibrium method 419
7.3.1 Rigorous limit equilibrium formulation 422
7.3.1.1 Solution procedure 424
7.3.2 Interslice force function 425
7.3.3 The Janbu rigorous method 428
7.3.4 The Sarma method 431
7.4 Simplified method of analysis 435
7.5 Numerical examples of slope stability analysis 439
7.5.1 Morgenstern–Price (Spencer) method 450
7.5.2 The Janbu rigorous method 453
7.5.3 The Sarma method 455
7.6 Miscellaneous considerations on slope stability analysis 457
7.6.1 Acceptability of the failure surfaces
and results of the analysis 457
7.6.2 Tension crack 458
7.6.3 Earthquake 459
7.6.4 Water and seepage 459
7.6.5 Saturated density of the soil 462
7.6.6 Moment point 462
7.6.7 Use of soil nailing/reinforcement 463
7.6.8 Failure to converge 466
7.6.9 Location of the critical failure surface 469
7.6.10 3D analysis 469
7.7 Limit analysis methods 470
7.7.1 Introduction to limit analysis 470
7.7.2 Discontinuity layout optimisation 471
7.7.3 Some results from discontinuity
layout optimisation 473
7.8 Finite element analysis of slope stability 477
7.9 Distinct element method 482
7.9.1 The force-displacement law and law of motion 486
7.9.2 Limitations of distinct element method 487
7.9.3 Case studies for slope stability analysis using PFC 488
7.10 Location of the critical failure surface 490