Analogy as Structure and Process: Approaches in Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology and Philosophy of Science (Human Cognitive Processing, Volume 14)

265 Pages·2005·1.53 MB·English

by  Esa Itkonen

<DOCINFOAUTHOR""TITLE"AnalogyasStructureandProcess:Approachesinlinguistics,cognitivepsychologyandphilosophyofscience"SUBJECT"HCP,Volume14"KEYWORDS""SIZEHEIGHT"240"WIDTH"160"VOFFSET"4">
AnalogyasStructureandProcess
humancognitiveprocessingisaforumforinterdisciplinaryresearchonthe
nature and organization of the cognitive systems and processes involved in
speaking and understanding natural language (including sign language), and
their relationship to other domains of human cognition, including general
conceptual or knowledge systems and processes (the language and thought
issue), and other perceptual or behavioral systems such as vision and non-
verbal behavior (e.g. gesture). ‘Cognition’ should be taken broadly, not only
includingthedomainofrationality,butalsodimensionssuchasemotionand
the unconscious. The series is open to any type of approach to the above
questions (methodologically and theoretically) and to research from any
discipline, including (but not restricted to) different branches of psychology,
artificialintelligenceandcomputerscience,cognitiveanthropology,linguistics,
philosophyandneuroscience.Ittakesaspecialinterestinresearchcrossingthe
boundariesofthesedisciplines.
Editors
MarceloDascal,TelAvivUniversity
RaymondW.Gibbs,UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaCruz
JanNuyts,UniversityofAntwerp
Editorialaddress
JanNuyts,UniversityofAntwerp,Dept.ofLinguistics(GER),
Universiteitsplein1,B2610Wilrijk,Belgium.
E-mail:[email protected]
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
MelissaBowerman,Nijmegen(cid:1);WallaceChafe,SantaBarbara,CA(cid:1);
PhilipR.Cohen,Portland,OR(cid:1);AntonioDamasio,IowaCity,IA(cid:1);
MortonAnnGernsbacher,Madison,WI(cid:1);DavidMcNeill,Chicago,IL(cid:1);
EricPederson,Eugene,OR(cid:1);FrançoisRecanati,Paris(cid:1);
SallyRice,Edmonton,Alberta(cid:1);BennyShanon,Jerusalem(cid:1);
LokendraShastri,Berkeley,CA(cid:1);DanSlobin,Berkeley,CA(cid:1);
PaulThagard,Waterloo,Ontario(cid:1)
Volume14
AnalogyasStructureandProcess:Approachesinlinguistics,cognitive
psychologyandphilosophyofscience
byEsaItkonen
Analogy as Structure and Process
Approaches in linguistics, cognitive psychology
and philosophy of science
Esa Itkonen
UniversityofTurku
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia
TM Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirements
8
ofAmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences–Permanence
ofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Itkonen,Esa.
Analogyasstructureandprocess:approachesinlinguistics,cognitive
psychologyandphilosophyofscience/ EsaItkonen.
p. cm.(HumanCognitiveProcessing,issn1387–6724;v.14)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Analogy. 2.Linguistics. 3.Iconicity(Linguistics). I.Title. II.
Series.
P299.A48I86 2005
410--dc22 2005049337
isbn9027223661(Hb;alk.paper)
©2005–JohnBenjaminsB.V.
Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byprint,photoprint,microfilm,or
anyothermeans,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCo.·P.O.Box36224·1020meAmsterdam·TheNetherlands
JohnBenjaminsNorthAmerica·P.O.Box27519·Philadelphiapa19118-0519·usa
JB[v.20020404] Prn:22/06/2005;10:07 F:HCP14DE.tex / p.1(46-93)
MankannesalseinenfestenGrundsatzannehmen,dassallesineinerSprache
aufAnalogieberuht... (WilhelmvonHumboldt,in1812)
Everythinginlanguagegoesbyanalogy. (WilliamDwightWhitney,in1875)
Theideathatthingscanbe... differentbutthesameisprerequisitetoscience.
(DwightBolinger,in1975)
Analogy-makingliesattheheartofintelligence.(DouglasHofstadter,in1995)

JB[v.20020404] Prn:18/10/2005;10:02 F:HCP14CO.tex / p.1(47-99)
Table of contents
Preface ix
Introduction xi
Chapter1
Theconceptofanalogy 1
1.1 Analogy=Structural∼functionalsimilarity 1
1.2 Analogyasacontext-dependentphenomenon 13
1.3 Ataxonomyoftherelationsbetweentwoanalogoussystems 15
1.4 Analogyasgeneralization 22
1.5 Analogyvis-à-visthevarioustypesofinference:Inductive,
deductive,andabductive 25
1.6 Analogyandmetaphor;analogyandblend 35
1.7 Analogyandpsychologicalreality 44
1.8 Analogicalbehavior:Frommechanicaltocreative 53
1.9 Analogicalambiguity 59
1.10Thelimitsofanalogy 63
Chapter2
Analogyinsidelinguistics 67
2.1 Generalremarks 67
2.2 Objectionsagainsttheconceptofanalogy 67
2.3 Phonology 76
2.4 Morphology 78
2.5 Syntax 86
2.6 Semantics 101
2.7 Diachroniclinguistics 105
2.8 Theanalogybetweenorallanguagesandsignlanguages 113
2.9 Conclusion 124
JB[v.20020404] Prn:18/10/2005;10:02 F:HCP14CO.tex / p.2(99-125)
 AnalogyasStructureandProcess
Chapter3
Analogyand/oroverlapbetweenlanguageandothercognitivedomains 129
3.1 Generalremarks 129
3.2 Iconicityrevisited 131
3.3 Languageandvision 137
3.4 Languageandmusic 141
3.5 Languageandlogic 150
3.6 Conclusion 163
Chapter4
Analogy(mainly)outsidelinguistics 165
4.1 Generalremarks 165
4.2 Analogyinmythology/cosmology 166
4.3 Analogyinscientific(includingphilosophical)discovery 176
Chapter5
Concludingremarks 199
Appendix 203
Notes 221
References 229
Nameindex 243
Subjectindex 247
JB[v.20020404] Prn:21/06/2005;17:09 F:HCP14PR.tex / p.1(46-99)
Preface
Analogywasthe mainstayoftraditionallinguistics. In theirdiachronic work,
such leading representatives of Finno-Ugric linguistics as Paavo Ravila and
Erkki Itkonen constantly relied on the use of analogy. Terho Itkonen, the
quintessentialscholaroftheFinnishlanguage,madeuseofandexplicatedanal-
ogybothinhissynchronicandinhisdiachronicwork.Thus,whenanalogyfell
intodisreputeintheoreticallinguisticsduringthelastdecadesofthe20thcen-
tury,Iknewthatitwasamistake.Duringthosedarkyears,RaimoAnttilawas
theforemostproponentofanalogyinlinguistics.Thisbookisdedicatedtohim.
Analogyisarichtopic.Between1990and2002Ihavegiventalksonvari-
ousaspectsofanalogyin,interalia,Prague,LosAngeles,Turku,Sofia,Québec,
IowaCity,Minneapolis,Poznan,Cologne,Paris,Budapest,Durham,Gothen-
burg,Berlin,Stockholm,Copenhagen,Lund,andOdense.Onmostoccasions,
therehasbeensignificantresponsefromtheaudience,andIhavedonemybest
toretainitinmemory.
Sections1and2oftheAppendixwerewrittenbyJussiHaukioja,whoalso
madevaluablecommentsontheveryfirstdraftofthisbook.Animateddiscus-
sions with Anneli Pajunen, Chris Sinha, and Jordan Zlatev have kept my in-
terestincognitive-linguisticquestionsalive.Iamindebtedtotwoanonymous
refereesfortheirthoroughcommentsonthemanuscriptofthisbook.