Analog/RF and Mixed-Signal Circuit Systematic Design

378 Pages·2013·18.61 MB·English

by  Michael Eick

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 233
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7818
Mourad Fakhfakh, Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle, and
Rafael Castro-López (Eds.)
Analog/RF and
Mixed-Signal Circuit
Systematic Design
ABC
Editors
MouradFakhfakh RafaelCastro-López
UniversityofSfax InstitutodeMicroelectrónicadeSevilla
Sfax IMSE-CNM,CSIC.c/Américo
Tunisia Vespucio,s/n
Seville
EstebanTlelo-Cuautle Spain
INAOE
DepartmentofElectronics
Puebla
Mexico
ISSN1876-1100 e-ISSN1876-1119
ISBN978-3-642-36328-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-36329-0
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-36329-0
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012956292
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Foreword
Thisbookintroducescontributionstothetopicofsystematicdesignofanalog,RF
andmixedsignalcircuits.Inmyview,thematerialrepresentsasignificantstepto-
wardsadvancingthestate-of-the-artinthefield ofrobustanalogandmixedsignal
designautomation.AlthoughThetopichasbeenresearchedformanyyearsprimar-
ily for pureanalogcircuits, it is quite evidentthatextendingthe researcheffortto
includemixedsignalandRFICdesignisverytimelyandrelevantinlightoftheever
increasingcomplexityofcompleteSystems-on-Chip(SoCs)whichincludeanalog,
RFandmixedsignalonthesamediewithUltralargescaledigital.SuchSoCsare
alsowidelyrecognizedasthe“More-than-Moore”scalingextendingtheendofthe
siliconroadmapformanyyearstocome.Thefieldofsystematiccircuitdesignhas
long been a mature science area for many years for digital circuits but has repre-
sentedaformidablechallengetoanalogcircuits.However,theanalysisandsynthe-
sistechniquesandflowspresentedinthisbookprovidepracticalsolutionstomeet
thechallenge.Notonlydoesthematerialaddresssomeofthetraditionalbottlenecks
of analog and RF design automation such as device sizing and layout generation,
butalso incorporatestoolsandmethodologiesto dealwith worstcase cornersand
randomprocessvariations.Thiswill indeedresultin automatedand robustdesign
solutionsthatlendthemselvesnaturallytoimplementationsindeepnanometerpro-
cessnodesandwithenhancedyields.AutomationoftheseMore-than-MooreSoCs
willalsohelpwithmeetingnarrowmarketwindowsandwithreducingdevelopment
costsofcomplexnano-scalechipsets.
The materialisorganizedintwo partsandpresentedin 16chapters.Itstrikesa
goodbalancebetweentheoryandpracticeandincludescasestudiesordesignexam-
plestoreinforceunderstandingofbasicconcepts.Thebookishighlyrecommended
formixedsignal,RFandSoCdesignengineersandpractitionersinthesemiconduc-
torindustryaswellasresearchersandgraduatestudentsinelectricalandcomputer
engineeringwithamajorincircuitdesignanddesignautomation.
November2012 MohammedIsmail
MohammedIsmail
OhioStateUniversity,Columbus,USA
CurrentlywithKhalifaUniversityofScience,TechnologyandReserach(KUSTAR),UAE
Preface
Advancesinelectronicstechnologieshaveledtoakindofa‘boom’inaverywide
range of fields, such as, informatics, bioengineering, communications, electronic
gadgets,tonameafew.
Despites the fact that in the digital domain, designers can take full benefits of
IPs and design automation tools to synthesize and design very complex systems,
theanalogdesigners’taskisstillconsideredasa‘handcraft’,cumbersomeandvery
time consuming process. This is mainly due to the lack of support by computer-
aideddesignprograms,whichhasledto a so-called‘productivitygap’(difference
betweenwhattechnologycanofferandwhatcanbemanufactured).Thus,tremen-
douseffortsarebeingdeployedbyresearchers,R/Dengineers,etc.todevelopnew
designmethodologiesintheanalog/RFandmixed-signaldomains.
Actually,theanalog/RFandmixedsignalfieldsrelyonthreemajorareas,namely
Synthesis,DesignandOptimization.Thesedomainsformatrilogyinthisrealmof
analog/RFandmixed-signalcircuitandsystemdesign.Endeavorsarebeingmadeto
developnewsynthesistechniques(buildingnovelactivecircuits,forinstance),de-
signmethodologies(proposingnewcircuits)andsizing/optimizationtechniques(of-
feringmorecomplexfunctionalitieswithadvancedperformances,higherfrequency
operatingranges,lesspowerconsumption,etc.).
On this basis, this book collects in sixteen Chapters, recent theories, synthesis
techniques and design methodologies, as well as new sizing approaches. It high-
lights their application to the design of high performance analog/RF and mixed-
signalcircuitsandsystems.ThisbookisintendedtoresearchersandR/Dengineers,
aswell.Thebookencompassestwoparts:MethodologiesandTechniques.
Thefirstpart,Methodologies,iscomposedofsevenChapters,verybrieflyintro-
ducedinthefollowing:
Chapter 1, entitled ‘Towards Automatic Structural Analysis of Mixed-Signal
Circuits’, is proposed by M. Eick and H. Graeb. It presents a new method for
theautomaticstructuralandfunctionalanalysisofanalog,digitalandmixed-signal
circuits.
Chapter2,‘EfficientSynthesisMethodsformm-waveFrequencyPassiveCom-
ponentsandAmplifiers’,authoredbyB.LiuandG.Gielen,dealswithanefficient
high-frequencysynthesismethodsforintegratedpassivecomponentsaswellasfor
thesynthesisofmm-wave-frequencylinearamplifiers,usingthememeticmachine
VIII Preface
learning-based differential evolution method and the efficient machine learning-
baseddifferentialevolutionmethod,respectively.
Chapter 3, entitled ‘Self-HealingCircuits Using Statistical ElementSelection’
andproposedbyV.H.-C.Chen,G.Keskin,andL.T.Pileggi,analyzesthestatistical
element selection methodology for the implementation of low-power self-healing
circuitsandsystems.
Chapter4,‘ImprovingDesignFeatureReuseinAnalogCircuitDesignthrough
Topological-SymbolicComparisonandEntropy-basedClassification’,authoredby
C.FerentandA.Doboliintroducesanovelcircuitsynthesismethodologybasedon
conceptcomparison,combination,learning,andre-use.
Chapter5thatisentitled‘Graph-basedsymbolicandsymbolicsensitivityanaly-
sisofanalogintegratedcircuits’andproposedbyS.Rodriguez-Chavez,A.A.Palma-
Rodriguez,E.Tlelo-Cuautle,andS.X.-D.Tan,describesagraph-basedtechniquefor
the solutionof a system of equationsforanalogICs formulatedby applyingsym-
bolicNAandforsymbolicsensitivityanalysis.
Chapter6titled‘ADesignerCentricAnalogSynthesisFlow’,whichisauthored
byF.Javid,S.Youssef,R.Iskander,andM.-M.Loue¨rat,presentsadesignercentric
analogsynthesisflowthatisfullycontrolledbythedesignerandoffersanintuitive
designapproachthatiscomposedofasizingtoolandalayoutgenerationtool.
Chapter 7; ‘Analog Circuit Design based on Robust POFs using an Enhanced
MOEA with SVM Models’byN. Lourenc¸o,R. Martins, M. Barros, andN. Horta
highlights a multi-objective design methodology for automatic analog integrated
circuitssynthesis,whichenhancestherobustnessofthesolutionbyvaryingtechno-
logicalandenvironmentalparameters,andbytheinclusionofcornercases.
The second part of the book, Techniques, encompasses the nine following
Chapters:
Chapter 8;‘Applicationsof symbolicanalysisin the designofanalogcircuits’
byF.Grasso,A.Luchetta,andM.C.Piccirilli,describestheuseofsymbolictech-
niques in the realization of efficient automatic tools for designinganalog circuits.
Inparticularthreephasesofthedesigncycleofanintegratedcircuitareconsidered:
thesimulationphase,thedesigncenteringphaseandthefaultdiagnosisphase.
Chapter 9, titled ‘Synthesis of Electronically-Controllable Signal Process-
ing/SignalGenerationCircuitsusingModernActiveBuildingBlocks’,isauthored
byR.Senani,D.R.Bhaskar,A.K.Singh,andV.K.Singhfocusesonthesynthesis
of various electronically-controllable signal processing/signal generation circuits.
The coverage includes the basics and hardware implementation of various build-
ingblocksmentionedaboveandincludessomeelegantrepresentativeapplications
usingthem.
Chapter 10, entitled ‘Synthesis of Generalized Impedance Converter and
Inverter Circuits Using NAM Expansion’ by A. M Soliman proposes the use of
the nodal admittance matrix expansion technique to generate all possible voltage
generalizedimpedanceconverterand the currentgeneralizedimpedanceconverter
circuits, and the realizations of two types of the generalized impedance inverter
circuits.
Preface IX
Chapter11;‘FractionalStepAnalogFilterDesign’,byT.Freeborn,B.Maundy,
andA.Elwakiloutlinestheprocesstodesign,analyze,andimplementcontinuous-
timefractional-stepfilters,andpresentsnewmethodsanddesignequationsforthe
physicalrealizationof these filters using fractionalcapacitors,SABs, FPAA hard-
ware,andFDNRtopologies.
Chapter 12, entitled ‘The Flipped Voltage Follower: Theory and applications’
andthatis authoredbyJ. Ramirez-Angulo,M. R.Valero-Bernal,A.Lopez-Martin,
R. G. Carvajal, A. Torralba, S. Celma-Pueyo, and N. Medrano-Marque´s,exposes
and summarizesin a tutorialway,the most relevantinformationpublishedto date
on the FVF, and presents several improved FVF cells and structures and gives a
comparisonoftheirperformancesandcharacteristics.
Chapter 13, titled ‘Synthesis of Analog Circuits using only Voltage and Cur-
rent Followers as Active Elements’, by R. Senani, D.R. Bhaskar, A.K. Singh, and
R.K.Sharma,presentsabriefaccountofsomeprominentworksdoneontheanalog
circuit design using VFs and CFs as active elements, together with the design of
VFsandCFsthemselves.
Chapter 14; ‘Design of Setable Active Lossy Inductors’, proposed by
M. Pierzchala, and M. Fakhfakh is concerned with transformation of passive LC
filters into active RC-circuits using signal-flow graphs in the two-graph by using
exclusivelyRC-elementsand the newlyintroduced‘activeswitches’. The Chapter
alsodealswiththereductionofthecomplexityoftheconstructedactivecircuits.
Chapter 15, entitled ‘MIDAS: Microwave Inductor Design Automation on
Silicon’ by L. Aluigi, F. Alimenti, L. Roselli, D. Pepe, and D. Zito emphasizes a
methodologytoautomatethedesignofmicrowaveinductoronsiliconandpresents
the implementation of an auxiliary CAD tool for Microwave Inductor Design
AutomationonSilicon.
Chapter 16; ‘LC-VCO Design Challenges in the Nano-Era’ authored by P.
Pereira,H.Fino,M.Fakhfakh,F.Coito,andM.Ventim-Nevesexposesanoptimiza-
tion based methodology for the design of LC-VCOs whose efficiency is granted
by the use of analytical models to characterize the behavior of active and passive
elements.
Finally, we want to use this opportunity to thank all the authors for their high
qualitycontributions,andthereviewersfortheirvaluablehelp.Wearealsothank-
ful to Prof. Mohamed Ismail (Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. Currently
with Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Reserach (KUSTAR), UAE)
forwritingtheforewordofthebook.OurthanksgoalsototheSPRINGERteamfor
hissupportandassistance.
MouradFakhfakh
EstebanTlelo-Cuautle
RafaelCastro-Lo´pez
Contents
PartI:Methodologies
1 TowardsAutomaticStructuralAnalysisofMixed-Signal
Circuits................................................... 3
MichaelEick,HelmutGraeb
2 Efficient Synthesis Methods forHigh-FrequencyIntegrated
PassiveComponentsandAmplifiers........................... 27
BoLiu,GeorgesGielen
3 Self-HealingCircuitsUsingStatisticalElementSelection ......... 53
VanessaH.-C.Chen,GokceKeskin,LawrenceT.Pileggi
4 Improving Design Feature Reuse in Analog Circuit Design
throughTopological-SymbolicComparisonandDesignConcept
Combination .............................................. 77
CristianFerent,AlexDoboli
5 Graph-BasedSymbolicandSymbolicSensitivityAnalysis
ofAnalogIntegratedCircuits ................................ 101
S. Rodriguez-Cha´vez,A.A.Palma-Rodriguez,E. Tlelo-Cuautle,
S.X.-D.Tan
6 ADesigner-AssistedAnalogSynthesisFlow..................... 123
FarakhJavid,Ste´phanieYoussef,RamyIskander,
Marie-MinerveLoue¨rat
7 AnalogCircuitDesignBasedonRobustPOFsUsinganEnhanced
MOEAwithSVMModels ................................... 149
NunoLourenc¸o,RicardoMartins,ManuelBarros,NunoHorta
XII Contents
PartII:Techniques
8 Applications of Symbolic Analysis in the Design of Analog
Circuits................................................... 171
FrancescoGrasso,AntonioLuchetta,MariaCristinaPiccirilli
9 SynthesisofElectronically-ControllableSignalProcessing/Signal
GenerationCircuitsUsingModernActiveBuildingBlocks........ 195
RajSenani,D.R.Bhaskar,A.K.Singh,V.K.Singh
10 SynthesisofGeneralizedImpedance ConverterandInverter
CircuitsUsingNAMExpansion .............................. 223
AhmedM.Soliman
11 FractionalStepAnalogFilterDesign .......................... 243
ToddFreeborn,BrentMaundy,AhmedElwakil
12 TheFlippedVoltageFollower:TheoryandApplications.......... 269
JaimeRamirez-Angulo,MariaRodanasValero-Bernal,
AntonioLopez-Martin, RamonG. Carvajal, AntonioTorralba,
SantiagoCelma-Pueyo,Nicola´sMedrano-Marque´s
13 SynthesisofAnalogCircuitsUsingOnlyVoltageandCurrent
FollowersasActiveElements................................. 289
RajSenani,D.R.Bhaskar,A.K.Singh,R.K.Sharma
14 DesignofSetableActiveLossyInductors....................... 317
MarianPierzchała,MouradFakhfakh
15 MIDAS:MicrowaveInductorDesignAutomationonSilicon ...... 337
Luca Aluigi, FedericoAlimenti, Luca Roselli, Domenico Pepe,
DomenicoZito
16 LC-VCODesignChallengesintheNano-Era ................... 363
PedroPereira,HelenaFino,MouradFakhfakh,FernandoCoito,
Ma´rioVentim-Neves
AuthorIndex ..................................................... 381
Part I
Methodologies