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mU\£ inntlii Tinhr x«£krciMfe Analog VLSI and Neural Systems Mead Carver m^ Analog VLSI and Systems Neural Mead Carver • ThesubjectofVLSIsystemsspansabroad rangeofdisciplines, includingsemiconductor devicesandprocessing, integratedelectronic circuits, digital logic, designdisciplines and tools forcreatingcomplex systems, andthe architecture, algorithms, andapplicationsof completeVLSI systems. TheAddison-Wesley VLSISystemsSeries, editedbyLynnConway, --Jj-, University ofMichigan, andCharles Seitz, CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology, is asetof textbooksandresearch referencesthatpres- entthebestworkinthisdiverse field. Each bookinthis seriesprovides forits subjecta perspectivethatties itto relateddisciplines. Theperspective inCarverMead'sAnalog VLSIandNeuralSystemsclearly tiesthis worktotherapidly developing, interdisci- — j ~ hl; plinary fieldofneural networks. The subjectofneural networks hasbeen firedby recentadvances inmathematical theory, neurophysiological methods, and VLSIandopticalcomputingtechnologies. Neural networksarenowbeing studiedby abroad rangeofscientists, engineers, and computerscientistsasanimportantparadigm in informationprocessing. TheAddison- Wesley ComputationandNeuralSystems Series, editedby ChristofKoch, California InstituteofTechnology, isasetoftextbooks and research references reflecting thediver- sity ofinterestswithinthis field. Inasmuch as CarverMead'sAnalog VLSIandNeural w Systemsappealstothese interests aswellas 4}W wr tothoseoftheVLSIcommunity, theeditors ofthesetwoAddison-Wesley series agreed thatthisbook shouldbe included asapart ofboth. uului itMii wtmmmmmamM j]Li_^=: niu _iJt ^jt 1M^ mii^aii Krr -?1. :: 9 . * * T "T - - W imit it* it it*it i i RICOH CORPORATION Research Centex 1321 Ridder Park Drive San Joae, CA 95131-230G ^3i ANALOG AND VLSI NEURAL SYSTEMS ANALOG AND VLSI NEURAL SYSTEMS Mead Carver California Institute of Technology A ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park. California • New York Don Mills, Ontario • Wokingham, England • Amsterdam • Bonn Sydney • Singapore • Tokyo • Madrid • San Juan This hook is in the Addison-Wesley VLSI System Series Lynn Conway and Charles Seitz, Consulting Editors This book is in the Addison-Wesley Computation and Neural Systems Series Christof Koch, Consulting Editor Peter S. Gordon, Sponsoring Editor Bette J. Aaronson, Production Supervisor Lyn Dupre, Development Editor and Copy Editor Vanessa Pineiro, Text Designer Alan Anders and Edward K. Shurla, Illustrators Calvin W. Jackson, Jr., Compositor Marshall Henrichs, Cover Designer Hugh Crawford, Manufacturing Supervisor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mead. Carver. Analog VLSI and neural systems / Carver A. Mead, p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-201-05992-4 — 1. Neural computers. 2. Integrated circuits Very large scale integration. I. Title. QA76.5.M39 1989 621.395 dcl9 88-14635 CIP © Copyright 1989 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part ofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. In memory of my parents Grace Martha Mead 1908-1978 James Arnold Mead 1904-1980 The VLSI System Series Lynn Conway and Charles Seitz, Consulting Editors Analog VLSI and Neural Systems Carver Mead, 1989 Cueaits. Interconnections, and H. Brian Bakoglu, 1989 Packagingfor VLSI The CMOS3 Cell Library Edited by Dennis V. Heinbuch, 1988 Computer Aidsfor VLSI Design Steven M. Rubin, 1987 VLSI Signal Processing: A Bit-Serial Peter Denver and David Renshaw, Approach 1985 The Design and Analysis of VLSI Lance A. Glasser and Daniel W. Circuits Dobberpuhl, 1985 Principles of CMOS VLSI Design: Neil Weste and Kamran Eshraghian, A Systems Perspective 1985 The VLSI Designer's Library John Newkirk and Robert Mathews, 1983 Introduction to VLSI Systems Carver Mead and Lynn Conway, 1980 The Computation and Neural System Series Christof Koch, Consulting Editor Analog VLSI and Neural Systems Carver Mead, 1989