Analog-to-Digital Conversion

597 Pages·2013·14.378 MB·English

by  Marcel J.M. Pelgrom (auth.)

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Marcel J.M. Pelgrom
Analog-to-Digital
Conversion
Second Edition
123
MarcelJ.M.Pelgrom
NXPSemiconductors
Eindhoven
Netherlands
ISBN978-1-4614-1370-7 ISBN978-1-4614-1371-4(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-1371-4
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012951650
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Preface
A book is like a window that allows you to look into the world. The window is
shapedbytheauthorandthatmakesthateverywindowpresentsa uniqueviewof
the world. This is certainly true for this book. It is shaped by the topics and the
projects throughoutmy career. Even more so, this book reflects my own style of
workingandthinking.
ThatstartsalreadyinChap.2.WhenIjoinedPhilipsResearchin1979,manyof
mycolleaguesusedlittlepapernotebookstokeeptrackofthemostusedequations
andotherpracticalthings.ThisnotebookwasthebeginningforChap.2:acollection
oftopicsthatformthe basisformanyofthe otherchapters.Chapter2 is intended
not to explain these topics but to refresh your knowledgeand help you when you
needsomebasicstosolvemorecomplexissues.
In the chapters discussing the fundamental processes of conversion, you will
recognize my preoccupationwith mathematics. I really enjoy finding an equation
thatproperlydescribestheunderlyingmechanism.Neverthelessmathematicsisnot
agoalonitsown:equationshelptounderstandthewayhowvariablesareconnected
to the result. Real insight comes from understanding the physics and electronics.
In the chapterson circuit design I have tried to reduce the circuit diagramsto the
simplestform,butnotsimpler.Idohaveprivateopinionsonwhatworksandwhat
should notbe applied. Most poor solutionshave simply been left out; sometimes,
youmightreadawarninginthetextonacertainaspectofaninterestingcircuit.
Another of my favorites is the search for accuracy.In Chap.11 you will find a
detaileddescription,also in theearlierchapters,thereis alotofmaterialreferring
toaccuracy.
Circuit design and analog-to-digital circuit design is about bridging the gap
between technology and systems. Both aspects have been treated less than they
deserve.StillIhopeitwillbesufficienttocreateaninteresttoprobefurther.
Thisbookisbasedonmylecturesforgraduatestudentswhoarenoviceinanalog-
to-digitaldesign.Intheclassesmyaimistobringthestudentstoalevelwherethey
canreadandinterprettheliterature(suchasIEEEJournalofSolid-StateCircuits)
andjudgethereportedresultsontheirmerits.Stillthatleavesaknowledgegapwith
v
vi Preface
thedesignerofanalog-to-digitalconverters.Forthosedesignersthisbookmayserve
asareferenceofprinciplesandbackground.
Inevitablythisbookhasnotonlysomestrongpointsbutalsoweakpoints.There
are still so many wonderful ideas that are not addressed here but certainly would
deservesomespaceandsimplydidnotfitinthisvolume.StillIhopethisbookwill
letyouexperiencethesamethrillthatallanalog-to-digitaldesignersfeel,whenthey
talkabouttheirpassion.Becausethatisthegoalofthisbook:toencourageyouto
proceedontheroutetowardsevenbetteranalog-to-digitalconverters.
Stiphout,theNetherlands,Christmas2009
SecondEdition
Inthesecondeditionanumberoferrorshavebeencorrectedandafewtopicshave
been updated. The most important change is the addition of many examples and
exercisestoassiststudentsinunderstandingthematerial.
Stiphout,theNetherlands,Summer2012
Acknowledgements
Archimedessaid:“Giveme onefixedpointandIwillmovethe Earth.”Homehas
always served for me as the fixed point from which I could move forward in my
work.I owemy wife Elisabetha debtof gratitudeforcreatinga wonderfulhome.
She herself was once part of this semiconductor world and understands its crazy
habits.Yet,theencouragementandsupportshegavemeisinvaluable.
This book reflects parts of my 33 years of work in the Philips Natuurkundig
Laboratoriumanditssuccessor.IfthereisanythingIwouldcall“luck”inmylife,
it was the opportunityto work in this place. The creativity, energy, opportunities,
and people in this laboratory are unique. It is not trivial to create such research
freedomina financiallydrivenindustry.My7yearsasamixed-signaldepartment
headhavetaughtmethat.ThereforeIamtrulygratefultothosewhoservedinthe
managementofPhilipsResearchandbackedmewhenworkingonthingsoutsidethe
projectscopeorlookinginunusualdirections—justnaminghere:TheovanKessel,
KeesWouda,GerardBeenker,HansRijns,andLeoWarmerdam.
Alaboratoryisjustasgoodasthepeoplewhoworkinit.InmycareerImetalot
ofextraordinarypeople.Theyformedandshapedmywayofthinkingandanalyzing
problems.Theychallengedmy ideas, tookthe time to listen to my reasoning,and
pointedmeinpromisingdirections.Iamgratefulforbeingabletousetheinsights
and results of the mixed-signal circuits and systems group. Without the useful
discussionsandcriticalcommentsofthemembersofthisgroupthisbookwouldnot
exist.However,therearemanymorecolleagueswhohavecontributedinsomeform.
Preface vii
Withouttheillusionofbeingcomplete,Iwanttoexpressmygratitudeforapleasant
collaborationwith:CarelDijkmans,RudyvanderPlassche,EduardStikvoort,Rob
van der Grift, Arthur van Roermund, Erik van der Zwan, Peter Nuijten, Ed van
Tuijl,MaartenVertregt,PieterVorenkamp,JohanVerdaasdonk,AntonWelbers,Aad
Duinmaijer,JeannetvanRens,KlaasBult,GovertGeelen,StephaneBarbu,Laurent
Giry,RobertMeyer,OthmarPfarkircher,Ray Speer, JohnJennings,Bill Redman-
White, Joost Briaire, Pieter van Beek, Raf Roovers, Lucien Breems, Robert van
Veldhoven, Kathleen Philips, Bram Nauta, Hendrik van der Ploeg, Kostas Doris,
Erwin Janssen, RobertRutten, Violeta Petrescu, HarryVeendrick,HansTuinhout,
JanvanderLinde,PetervanLeeuwen,andmanyothers.
Thisbookisbasedonthelecturesin thePhilipsCenterforTechnicalTraining,
atuniversities,andintheMEAD/EPFLcourses.IwanttothankProf.BramNauta
andProf.KofiMakinwaforgivingme theopportunityto teachatthe Universities
of Twente and Delft, Prof. Bruce Wooley and Prof. Boris Murmann of Stanford
University for their collaboration, and Prof. Gabor Temes and Dr. Vlado Valence
forinvitingmetolectureintheMEADandEPFLcourses.
Aspecialwordofthanksgoestoallthestudentsfortheirquestions,remarks,and
stimulatingdiscussions.

Contents
1 Introduction................................................................. 1
1.1 AboutThisBook..................................................... 3
2 ComponentsandDefinitions .............................................. 5
2.1 MathematicalTools .................................................. 5
2.1.1 FourierTransform .......................................... 9
2.1.2 FourierAnalysis............................................ 11
2.1.3 Distortion ................................................... 14
2.1.4 LaplaceTransform.......................................... 18
2.1.5 Z-Transform ................................................ 21
2.1.6 Statistics..................................................... 22
2.1.7 FunctionsofStatisticalVariables.......................... 28
2.2 Resistivity............................................................. 31
2.2.1 Temperature................................................. 33
2.2.2 VoltageandTemperatureCoefficient...................... 35
2.2.3 MeasuringResistance ...................................... 35
2.2.4 Electromigration............................................ 36
2.2.5 Noise ........................................................ 37
2.3 MaxwellEquations................................................... 40
2.3.1 Inductors.................................................... 43
2.3.2 EnergyinaCoil ............................................ 45
2.3.3 Straight-WireInductance................................... 45
2.3.4 SkinEffectandEddyCurrent.............................. 47
2.3.5 Transformer................................................. 47
2.3.6 Capacitors................................................... 49
2.3.7 EnergyinCapacitors ....................................... 50
2.3.8 PartialCharging............................................. 51
2.3.9 DigitalPowerConsumption................................ 52
2.3.10 CoaxialCable............................................... 54
2.4 Semiconductors....................................................... 56
2.4.1 SemiconductorResistivity ................................. 57
ix
x Contents
2.4.2 VoltageandTemperatureCoefficient...................... 58
2.4.3 MatchingofResistors ...................................... 59
2.4.4 pn-Junction.................................................. 59
2.4.5 BipolarTransistor........................................... 63
2.4.6 DarlingtonPair.............................................. 66
2.4.7 MOSCapacitance .......................................... 66
2.4.8 CapacitanceBetweenLayers............................... 70
2.4.9 VoltageandTemperatureCoefficient...................... 71
2.4.10 MatchingofCapacitors..................................... 71
2.4.11 CapacitorDesign ........................................... 71
2.5 MOSTransistor....................................................... 74
2.5.1 ThresholdVoltage .......................................... 78
2.5.2 WeakInversion ............................................. 80
2.5.3 LargeSignalandSmallSignal............................. 81
2.5.4 Drain-VoltageInfluence.................................... 82
2.5.5 OutputImpedance.......................................... 83
2.5.6 Matching.................................................... 84
2.5.7 High-FrequencyBehavior.................................. 86
2.5.8 GateLeakage ............................................... 87
2.5.9 TemperatureCoefficient.................................... 88
2.5.10 Noise ........................................................ 89
2.5.11 Latch-Up.................................................... 91
2.5.12 EnhancementandDepletion ............................... 92
2.5.13 Models ...................................................... 93
2.6 NetworkTheory...................................................... 94
2.6.1 EnergyandPower .......................................... 94
2.6.2 Kirchhoff’sLaws........................................... 97
2.6.3 Two-PortNetworks......................................... 97
2.6.4 OpampsandOTAs.......................................... 99
2.6.5 DifferentialDesign ......................................... 101
2.6.6 Feedback.................................................... 103
2.6.7 BodePlots................................................... 106
2.6.8 Filters........................................................ 107
2.6.9 RLCFilters ................................................. 110
2.6.10 Sallen–Keyg −CFiltersandGyrators................... 113
m
2.6.11 Switched-CapacitorCircuits ............................... 116
2.7 ElectronicCircuits.................................................... 119
2.7.1 ClassificationofAmplifiers................................ 119
2.7.2 One-TransistorAmplifier................................... 121
2.7.3 Inverter...................................................... 123
2.7.4 SourceFollower ............................................ 124
2.7.5 DifferentialPair............................................. 125
2.7.6 Degeneration................................................ 129
2.7.7 MixersandVariableGainAmplifiers...................... 130
2.7.8 CurrentMirror.............................................. 131