An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi

240 Pages·2013·1.704 MB·English

by  Jung-yao Lu

An Investigation of Various Linguistic
Changes in Chinese and Naxi

An Investigation of Various Linguistic
Changes in Chinese and Naxi
By
Jung-yao Lu
An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi,
by Jung-yao Lu
This book first published 2013
Cambridge Scholars Publishing
12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Copyright © 2013 by Jung-yao Lu
All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN (10): 1-4438-4818-2, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4818-3
— Dedicated to
Yuqing Yang ((cid:7576)(cid:3051)(cid:9269))
&
Joshua Yichen Lu ((cid:2629)(cid:3973)(cid:17888))
for their
This is a Naxi Dongba pictograph which means
LOVE.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures............................................................................................. ix
List of Tables ............................................................................................... x
List of Maps ............................................................................................... xii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................... xiii
Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1
Introduction
1.1. Methodology
1.2. Cross-linguistic Data
1.3. Abstract and Organization
Chapter Two ...............................................................................................11
Sound Change: Tonal Split
2.1. Tonal Splits in Chinese *Checked Syllables
2.2. Previous Studies about Subgroupings of Loloish
2.3. Tonal Splits in Lolo-Burmese *Checked Syllables
2.4. Discussion
Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 52
Semantic Change: Schematic Effect
3.1. The Motion Verb RETURN—(cid:17928)
3.2. The Disposal Marker BA—(cid:6330)
Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 99
Syntactic Change: Structural Reanalysis
4.1. Previous Studies
4.2. Previous Studies: Causative-to-passive Development
4.3. Questions on Previous Studies
4.4. Development of Agentive Passive Markers
4.5. Discussion
viii Table of Contents
Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 127
Contact-induced Change: Borrowing
5.1. Definiteness and Nominalization, Relativization,
and Genitivization in Chinese
5.2. Development of Nominalization, Relativization,
and Genitivization in Naxi
Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 168
Conclusion
Appendices
A. List of Abbreviations .......................................................................... 178
B. References & Reconstructions for *Voiced Initials in Chinese ........... 180
C. References & Reconstructions for *Voiceless Initials in Chinese ....... 181
D. IPA Descriptions for Wu Dialects (*Voiced Initials).......................... 182
E. IPA Descriptions for Wu Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ....................... 183
F. IPA Descriptions for Hakka & Min Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ........... 184
G. IPA Descriptions for Hakka & Min Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ...... 185
H. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ................. 186
I. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) .............. 187
J. IPA Descriptions for Cantonese Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ................. 188
K. IPA Descriptions for Cantonese Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ........... 189
L. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects, Xiang, and Gan
(*Voiced Initials)................................................................................ 190
M. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects, Xiang, and Gan
(*Voiceless Initials) ............................................................................ 191
N. References & Reconstructions for *Voiced Initials in Yi
and Loloish ........................................................................................ 192
O. References & Reconstructions for *Voiceless Initials in Yi
and Loloish ........................................................................................ 193
P. IPA Descriptions for Yi Dialects (*Voiced Initials)............................. 194
Q. IPA Descriptions for Yi Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ........................ 196
R. References for *Voiced Initials in Naxi and Mosuo ............................ 198
S. References for *Voiceless Initials in Naxi and Mosuo ........................ 199
T. IPA Descriptions for Possible Loloish & Burmish (*Voiced) .............. 200
U. IPA Descriptions for Possible Loloish & Burmish (*Voiceless) ......... 203
Notes ........................................................................................................ 205
Bibliography ............................................................................................ 213
Subject Index ........................................................................................... 223
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1. From Proto-Lolo-Burmese to Proto-Lahoid
2.2. Bradley’s Genetic Relationship between Naxi and *L
2.3. Tonal Splits in the *Checked Syllable from *LB
2.4. Tonal Splits in the *Checked Syllable from *C
2.5. Genetic Distribution Based on Patterns of Tonal Splits
3.1. The Historical Changes of RETURN ((cid:17928))
3.2. Sweetser’s Image Schema of AGAIN
3.3. Prototypical Image Schema of RETURN
3.4. Semantic Extensions from the Image Schema of (cid:17928)
3.5. Wu’s Grammaticalization Process of BA Construction
3.6. Image Schema of the Thing-transferred Event
3.7. Image Schema of the Thing-located Event
3.8. Image Schema of the Thing-transformed Event
3.9. Image Schema of the Instrumental Causative Event
3.10. Image Schema of the Disposal Event
3.11. Development of Constructions with TAKE
4.1. Causative-to-passive Process of gei,rang,na, and jiao
5.1. Grammaticalization Pathways of Mandarin di ((cid:5317))/de ((cid:11444))
5.2. Grammaticalization Pathways of Chaozhou kai
5.3. Grammaticalization Pathways of Cantonese ge3
5.4. Mono-syllabified Process of [That + Cl]