An Introduction to Trenchless Technology

234 Pages·1992·7.896 MB·English

by  Steven R. Kramer, William J. McDonald, James C. Thomson (auth.)

An Introduction to
Trenchless Technology
An Introduction to
Trench1ess Technology
Steven R. Kramer
William J. McDonald
James C. Thomson
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
DISCLAIMER-LEGAL NOTICE
This book was prepared by Steven R. Kramer, William J. McDonald and James C. Thomson as an
introduction and overview of the broad field of trenchless technology. None of the authors:
a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness
or usefulness of the information contained in this book.
b. Assumes any Iiability with the respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any
information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this book.
c. References to trade names or specific commercial products, commodities, or services in this book
do not represent or constitute an endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the authors of the
specific commercial product, commodity, or service.
Copyright © 1992 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1992
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1992
AII rights reserved. No pari ofthis book eovered by the copyright hereon m.y be reprodueed or used in .ny form or by any me.ns--gr.phl
electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or infonnation storage and retrieval systems--without the written
permission ofthe publisher.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 XXX 01 00 99 98 97 96
Library of Congres. Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kramer. Steven R., 1960--
An introduetion to trenehless teehnology/by Steven R. Kramer, William 1. MeDonald. lames C. Thomson.
P. Cm.
Includes bibliogr.phie.1 referenees and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6334-7 ISBN 978-14615-3058-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3058-9
1. Trenehless construetion. 1. MeDon.ld, William lesse, 1938-- . Il. Thomson, lames C., 1932-- . III. Title.
TABI5.K73 1992 92-13396
624--de20 CIP
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1
1.1 NEED FORTRENCHLESSTECHNOLOGY 2
1.2HORIZONTALBORINGTECHNIQUES 5
1.3GENERALPROCEDURES 12
1.4SELECfIONOFMETHOD 13
1.5LIMITATIONS 13
1.6FUTUREOUTLOOK 14
1.7LOOKINGAHEAD 15
Chapter2 Background 17
2.1 EARLYUNDERGROUND WORK 17
2.2THESTIMULUSOFTHEINDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION 18
2.2.1 TheBeginningofUtilities 18
2.2.2DevelopingUndergroundMethods 20
2.2.3Inventors 21
2.2.4MechanicalDrills 23
2.3EARLYTRENCHLESSMETHODS-1890-1960 24
v
vi Contents
2.4TRENCHLESSMETHODS-1960-1985 28
2.4.1 SewerInstallationMethods 30
2.4.2InstallationMethodsforCableandPressurePipes 32
2.4.3TrenchlessRehabilitation 34
Chapter3 Creating the Hole 36
3.1 THRUSTBORING 37
3.1.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 37
3.1.2SpecificationsofBore 39
3.1.3Selection/UserConsiderations 41
3.1.4TypicalApplications 41
3.2IMPACTMOLING 41
3.2.1. DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 41
3.2.2SpecificationsofBore 43
3.2.3Selection/UserConsiderations 43
3.2.4TypicalApplications 45
3.3IMPACTRAMMING 45
3.3.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 45
3.3.2SpecificationsofBore 45
3.3.3Selection/UserConsiderations 46
3.4ROCK HAMMER 46
3.4.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 46
3.5AUGERBORING 47
3.5.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 47
3.5.2SpecificationsofBore 53
3.5.3Applicationand UserConsiderations 53
3.6WET/SLURRYBORING 55
3.6.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 55
3.6.2SpecificationsofBore 56
3.6.3Selection/UserConsiderations 57
3.6.4TypicalApplications 57
3.7FLUIDJETCUTTING 57
3.7.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 57
3.7.2Specifications 61
3.7.3Selection/UserConsiderations 62
3.7.4TypicalApplications 62
3.8PIPEJACKINGANDMICROTUNNELLING 62
3.9ROTARY/DIRECTIONALDRILLING 63
Contents vii
3.9.1 DescriptionofEquipmentandOperation 63
3.9.2Specifications 65
3.9.3Selection/UserConsiderations 65
3.9.4TypicalApplications 65
Chapter4 Steerable Horizontal Boring 67
4.1 METHODSOFSTEERINGTHEBIT 68
4.2AVAILABLESYSTEMS 73
4.2.1 GuidedImpactMole 73
4.2.2ImpactMoleonPipe 76
4.2.3DirectionalRodPushers 78
4.2.4DirectionalFluidJetCutting 80
4.2.5 DirectionalDrilling 81
4.3 PLANNINGTHEJOB 82
4.4APPLICATIONS 83
4.5PREVENTINGANDCONTROLLINGPROBLEMS 83
Chapter5 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling 86
5.1 PIPEJACKING 86
5.1.1 Definition 86
5.1.2Background 86
5.1.3 Pipe-JackingMethod 87
5.1.4Main ApplicationsofPipeJacking 98
5.1.5SelectionCriteriaand Summary 98
5.2MICROTUNNELLING 99
5.2.1 Definition 99
5.2.2Classification 100
5.2.3PipeInstallation 103
5.2.4Techniques 106
5.2.5PilotMethod 106
5.2.6Full-FaceMethod 108
5.2.7PerformanceFactors 110
5.2.8MainApplicationsofMicrotunnelling 112
5.2.9HouseConnection Systems 113
5.2.10Full-FaceMachines 114
5.2.11 Full-FaceMicrotunnelers 116
viii Contents
Chapter6 On-Line Replacement and Structural
Renovation 121
6.1 INTRODUCTION 121
6.2OPTIONS 122
6.3ON-LINEREPLACEMENT 122
6.3.1 Background 122
6.3.2Extraction 123
6.3.3 Bursting 124
6.3.4Hydraulic Bursters 128
6.3.5ExcavationReplacement 130
6.3.6MelbourneSystem 132
6.4RENOVATION 132
6.4.1 Background 132
6.4.2ConventionalSlipLining 133
6.4.3ModifiedSlipLining 137
6.4.4 Soft-LiningSystems/Cured-In-PlacePipe 138
6.4.5.AlternativeSystems 141
6.4.6Temporary ReductionMethods 142
6.4.6.1 DiameterReduction 142
6.4.6.2CollapsedorFolded Sections 145
6.4.7 Spiral Winding 147
6.4.8 Spraying 149
Chapter7 Instrumentation Systems for Guided
Boring 152
7.1 UNGUIDED SYSTEMS 153
7.2GUIDED BORING 154
7.2.1 InstrumentationRequirements 157
7.2.2MeasurementConsiderations 157
7.3GUIDANCEINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMS 160
7.3.1 PipeLocators 160
7.3.2EMHome-to-TargetSteeringTool 160
7.3.3LaserTargetingSystem 164
7.3.4Single-ShotjMultishotSurveyTools 165
7.3.5 SteeringTools 168
7.3.6Measurement-While-Drilling(MWD) Systems 170
Contents ix
7.4EQUIPMENTSELECTION 173
7.5 NEEDS ANDFUTURETRENDS 175
Chapter8 Economics ofTrenchless Technology 176
8.1 ECONOMICCOSTS 177
8.2OPEN-CUTMETHOD 178
8.3ECONOMICSTUDIESANDMODELS 179
8.4EFFECTOFDRILLINGRATE 179
8.5 SYSTEM UTILIZATION 181
Chapter9 Investigation, Routing, and Location 186
9.1 SELECTIONOFTRENCHLESS EQUIPMENT 187
9.2 PLANNINGAND DESIGNOFPROJECT 190
9.3JOBIMPLEMENTATIONANDPRECAUTIONS 192
Chapter 10 Case Histories 194
10.1 CASEHISTORY 1: HORIZONTALDRILLING 194
10.1.1 Description 194
10.2CASEHISTORY2: GUIDED PIERCINGTOOL 195
10.2.1 Description 195
10.3CASEHISTORY3: MICROTUNNELLING 198
10.3.1 Description 198
10.4CASEHISTORY4: PIPELINEINSERTION
MACHINE 199
10.4.1 Description 199
10.5CASEHISTORY5: UTILXGUIDEDRILTUNNELLING
MACHINE 201
10.5.1 Description 201
10.6CASEHISTORY6: MICROTUNNELLING 202
10.6.1 Description 202
10.7CASEHISTORY7: RENOVATION 203
10.7.1 Description 203
x Contents
Chapter11 Future Needs 205
11.1 THEFUTUREINPERSPECTIVE 205
11.2ATTITUDESANDAWARENESS 206
11.2.1 LackofAwareness 206
11.2.2ResistancetoChange 206
11.2.3ResponsibilitiesforSocialCosts 206
11.2.4EngineeringandPlanning 207
11.2.5CostsofWork 207
11.3TECHNICALNEEDS 207
11.3.1 Investigation 207
11.3.2CostsofTrenchlessMethods 208
11.3.3ImprovedTechnology 209
11.3.4ServiceConnections 210
Bibliography 211
Index 219
Preface
In the past decade, the field of trenchless technology has expanded rapidly in
products, equipment, and utilization. This expansion would not have occurred
withoutastrongincreaseineconomicincentivestotheuser.Becausetheoperating
environmenthaschanged,trenchlesstechnology isoften thepreferredalternative
to traditional methodsofdigging holesand installingconduits. Theinfrastructure
inwhichwelivehasbecomemorecongestedandhastobesharedbyseveralusers.
Inaddition, thecostofrestoring aroadorlandscapedarea afterconstruction may
behigherthan thecostofinstallingtheconduit. Thesefactorsadd totheneedfor
trenchless technology-theability to dig holes withoutdisturbing thesurface. In
some ways, trenchless technology is a futuristic concept. Ruth Krauss in a
children'sbookofdefinitionswrote,"AHole...IstoDig."Butthisstatementisnot
necessarilytrue. Today,aholecouldbetobore.
Trenchless technology is not new. But it certainly has become the buzzword
ofthe construction industry and it appears that it will have a growing impact in
the way contractors, utilities, and others install new facilities. Methods to bore
horizontal holes were practiced as early as the 18005, but this technology has
greatly changed. Today's tools include sophisticated drilling methods, state-of
the-art powersystems, and electronic guidance techniques. These tools can bore
faster, safer, and more accurately, and in many instances more economically,
than open-cllt methods. Technology has played an important role in these
advances, but economics has become the driving force in making these systems
popular.
When the ideaofthis bookwasfirst conceived, it wasdifficult to identifyand
select the specific topics to include. But as we began to look around, it became
obviousthat little information wasavailable in acomprehensiveformat. Mostof
the informationontrenchlesstechnology wasscatteredamong tradejournalsand
proceedingsofvarioustechnicalsymposiums. Therewasnosinglesourcefor the
contractor or engineer for general information or as a guide to the alternative
methods.
xi