An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics PDF
Preview An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics
Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics Mark Gallaway An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8917 Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics (ULNP) publishes authoritative texts covering topics throughout pure and applied physics. Each title in the series is suitable as a basis for undergraduate instruction, typically containing prac- tice problems, worked examples, chapter summaries, and suggestions for further reading. ULNPtitlesmustprovideatleastoneofthefollowing: (cid:2) Anexceptionallyclearandconcisetreatmentofastandardundergraduatesubject. (cid:2) Asolidundergraduate-levelintroductiontoagraduate,advanced,ornonstandard subject. (cid:2) Anovelperspectiveoranunusualapproachtoteachingasubject. ULNPespeciallyencouragesnew,original,andidiosyncraticapproachestophysics teachingattheundergraduatelevel. The purpose of ULNP is toprovide intriguing, absorbing books that willcontinue tobethereader’spreferredreferencethroughouttheiracademiccareer. Serieseditors NeilAshby ProfessorEmeritus,UniversityofColoradoBoulder,CO,USA WilliamBrantley Professor,FurmanUniversity,Greenville,SC,USA MatthewDeady Professor,BardCollege,Annandale,NY,USA MichaelFowler Professor,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,VA,USA MortenHjorth-Jensen Professor,UniversityofOslo,Norway MichaelInglis Professor,SUNYSuffolkCountyCommunityCollege,Selden,NY,USA HeinzKlose ProfessorEmeritus,HumboldtUniversityBerlin,Germany HelmySherif Professor,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada Mark Gallaway An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics 123 MarkGallaway UniversityofHertfordshire Hockley,Essex,UK ISSN2192-4791 ISSN2192-4805 (electronic) UndergraduateLectureNotesinPhysics ISBN978-3-319-23376-5 ISBN978-3-319-23377-2 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-23377-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015950477 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www. springer.com) ThisworkisdedicatedtotheUniversityof Hertfordshire’sAstronomyPublicOutreach Team.Yourprofessionalism,dedicationand enthusiasmtoeducateandentertainthe publicwithlittle/no rewardareinspiring. Longmayitcontinue. Acknowledgements I’dliketothankDrDavidMurrayandDrStuartAldertowhomIamtrulyindebted, fortheirworkonthetrulydullbitsofediting.Iwouldalsoliketothankallofmy studentsbothcurrentandpast.Withoutyouryouthfulenthusiasm,myjobwouldbe alotlessinteresting.I’dalsoliketothankthestaffofthePhysics,Mathematicsand AstronomyDepartmentoftheUniversityofHertfordshirewhoseworkmanyofthe practicalshereinwederived.Lastly,I’dliketothankmywife,Sarah,forleavingme alonewhenneededandsupplyingmugsofsteamingtealateintothenight. vii Contents 1 Introduction................................................................. 1 1.1 TheReader............................................................ 1 1.2 RequiredEquipmentandSoftware ................................. 2 1.3 HowtoUseThisBook............................................... 3 1.4 Introduction:BestPractice........................................... 4 2 TheNatureofLight ........................................................ 7 2.1 Introduction........................................................... 7 2.2 TheQuantumNatureofLight....................................... 9 2.3 MeasuringLight...................................................... 11 2.4 TheMagnitudeScale................................................. 12 2.5 Filters ................................................................. 15 2.6 Colour................................................................. 18 2.7 Polarisation........................................................... 19 3 TheTelescope ............................................................... 21 3.1 Telescopes ............................................................ 21 3.2 Mounts................................................................ 27 3.3 EyepiecesandAdditionalOptics.................................... 29 3.4 Problems.............................................................. 31 4 Time.......................................................................... 35 4.1 Introduction........................................................... 35 4.2 SolarTime ........................................................... 37 4.3 JulianDate............................................................ 39 4.4 SiderealTime......................................................... 39 5 SpheresandCoordinates .................................................. 43 5.1 Introduction .......................................................... 43 5.2 AltitudeandAzimuth ................................................ 44 5.3 Equatorial............................................................. 46 5.4 GalacticCoordinates................................................. 48 ix
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