An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals PDF
Preview An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals
An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals Zbigniew H. Stachurski Gang Wang Xiaohua Tan Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2021HigherEducationPress.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. MATLAB®isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission. TheMathWorksdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook. Thisbook’suseordiscussionofMATLAB®softwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipby TheMathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLAB®software. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbe mindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-819418-8 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:GlynJones EditorialProjectManager:NaomiRobertson ProductionProjectManager:NirmalaArumugam Designer:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyVTeX Contents CHAPTER1 Introduction .................................................. 1 References................................................... 7 CHAPTER2 Makingofmetallicglassesandapplications ........................ 9 2.1 Applicationsofmetallicglasses .................................. 9 Aerospaceandbeyond .......................................... 9 Protectiveshield........................................... 10 Applicationascompliantmechanisms .......................... 11 Applicationasgears ........................................ 12 Applicationasmirrors ...................................... 12 Applicationtocorrosionresistance ............................. 14 Applicationtosolarwindcollection ............................ 14 Applicationasmagneticsensors ............................... 15 Applicationassuper-conductingsensor ......................... 16 Biologicalapplicationsofmetallicglasses ........................... 17 Recentdevelopmentsofmetallicglassesasbiomaterials ............. 17 Mg Zn Ca alloy ........................................ 18 60 35 5 Ti Cu Pd Zr alloy ..................................... 19 40 36 14 10 Non-degradablemetallicglasses(Ti-,Zr-,Fe-,Pt-basedMGs) ........ 19 Zr-basedmetallicglasses .................................... 20 Fe-basedmetallicglasses .................................... 20 Pt-basedmetallicglasses .................................... 21 Mg-,Zn-,Ca-,Sr-basedmetallicglasses......................... 21 Metallicglasstransformers ...................................... 22 Sportingequipmentandpersonalitems ............................. 24 Optical,magnetic,andelectrical .................................. 25 Amorphoussiliconsolarcells .................................... 26 Jewellery .................................................... 26 Metallicplasticine ............................................. 27 RewritableDVDs ............................................. 28 Manufacturingprocess ...................................... 29 Howthematerialfunctionsinasystem? ......................... 29 References................................................... 31 2.2 Makingmetallicglasses ........................................ 32 Castingintoamold ............................................ 32 Spinningwheelmethod ......................................... 35 High-pressuretorsion........................................... 37 Ti–Nialloy............................................... 38 Fe B Si P alloy ....................................... 40 78 8.5 9 4.5 v vi Contents ZrTiNiCualloy ........................................... 40 Ballmilling .................................................. 41 Coldrolling .................................................. 42 References................................................... 44 CHAPTER3 Solidification ................................................. 45 3.1 Solidificationbycrystallization ................................... 45 Liquid→solidtransformationbycrystallization ...................... 45 Nucleation ................................................... 47 Nucleationphenomenonandphysicalprocess .................... 47 Nucleationkinetics......................................... 50 Embryos,nuclei,andcriticalsize .............................. 50 Temperaturedependenceofnucleation .......................... 53 Structuraldependenceofnucleation ............................ 55 Crystalgrowth ................................................ 55 Viscosity .................................................... 56 Kineticsofcrystallization ....................................... 58 Assumptionsforisothermalcrystallization ....................... 59 Homogeneousnucleationandsphericalgrowth.................... 61 Instantaneousheterogeneousnucleationandsphericalgrowth ......... 61 Randomnucleationandsurfacegrowth ......................... 62 Randomnucleationanddiffusioncontrolledsphericalgrowth ......... 62 Microstructureofsolidifiedmetals ................................. 63 Stereologyofmicro-structures ................................ 63 AnalysisoftheKJMAequation ................................... 64 Temperaturedependenceofthecrystallizationrate ................. 66 References................................................... 66 3.2 Solidificationofglass .......................................... 68 Theprocess .................................................. 68 Useoftheterms“amorphous”and“glass” ....................... 71 Varietyofglasses .......................................... 71 Threecharacteristicscommontoallglasses .......................... 72 DiffusehaloX-rayscatteringpattern ........................... 72 StepatT onDSCcurve .................................... 73 g GradientchangeatT indilatometry ........................... 74 g Relationshipbetweencoolingrateandvitrification ..................... 74 TTTdiagramforaluminium .................................. 76 Continuouscoolingtransformation(CCT)diagrams ................ 78 Briefhistoryofmetallicglasses ................................... 80 Glass-formingability ........................................... 84 Reducedglasstransitiontemperature ........................... 88 Fragility .................................................... 88 Thecageeffect ............................................... 91 References................................................... 95 Contents vii CHAPTER4 Characterizationofmetallicglasses ............................... 97 4.1 Glasstransitiontheories ........................................ 97 Introduction .................................................. 97 Kinetictheory(WLF) .......................................... 99 Freevolumetheory ............................................ 100 Entropytheory................................................ 103 Stressfluctuations’theory ....................................... 105 Viscoelastictheory............................................. 109 Modecouplingtheory(MCT) .................................... 110 Geometricalfrustrationtheory .................................... 112 Clusterjammingtheory ......................................... 114 Space-timebubbles’theory ...................................... 115 Localtransitionevents .......................................... 117 Conclusions .................................................. 120 References................................................... 121 4.2 Mechanicaltesting ............................................ 124 Tensiletesting ................................................ 125 Measuringthesample ...................................... 127 Calculatingelasticproperties ................................. 127 Compressiontesting ........................................... 128 Sheartesting ................................................. 129 Hydrostatictesting ............................................. 130 Surfacehardnesstesting......................................... 130 Thescienceandengineeringofhardnesstesting ....................... 131 Testingathightemperature ...................................... 134 Dynamicmechanicaltesting ..................................... 134 References................................................... 136 CHAPTER5 Modelsofstructure ............................................ 137 Atomicarrangementsinsolids .................................... 137 Atomsandtheirproperties ....................................... 137 Modelsofatomicpackingincrystals ............................... 140 Modelsofatomicpackinginmetallicglasses ......................... 141 Idealamorphoussolidstructure ............................... 142 Structurebasedonrandomlyorientedclusters .................... 144 Modelsofmicro-structureinmetals ................................ 146 Poly-crystallinemetals ...................................... 146 Heterogeneityofstructureinpoly-crystallinemetals................ 147 Heterogeneityofstructureinmetallicglasses ..................... 148 References................................................... 154 CHAPTER6 Magneticpropertiesofamorphousmetallicalloys .................... 157 Section1.Thehistoryofmagnetism ............................... 157 Ancientperiod(fromthe1stto18thcentury) ..................... 157 Electromagneticage(the19thcentury) .......................... 158 viii Contents Developmentofmagnetism(the20thcentury) .................... 161 Ageofapplications(fromthe20thto21stcentury)................. 162 Atomic-scalemagnetism ........................................ 164 Magnetismofoneelectron ....................................... 164 Angularmomentum ........................................ 164 Orbitalmoment ........................................... 165 Spinmoment ............................................. 166 Thetotalmagneticmomentofoneelectron ...................... 166 Magnetismofoneatom ......................................... 167 Pauliexclusionprinciple .................................... 167 Magneticmomentofanatom ................................. 167 Hund’srules.............................................. 168 Macroscopic-scalemagnetism .................................... 168 Magnetization(M) ......................................... 168 Magneticsusceptibility ..................................... 169 Diamagnetismandparamagnetism ................................. 169 Ferromagnetism............................................... 171 Molecularfieldtheory ...................................... 171 Hysteresisloop ........................................... 173 Anisotropy ............................................... 173 Theclassificationofferromagneticmaterials ..................... 174 Hardmagneticmaterials..................................... 174 Softmagneticmaterials ..................................... 175 Section2.Applicationsofamorphousalloys ......................... 175 SoftmagneticbehaviorofFe-basedamorphousalloys .............. 175 Fabricationtechniques .......................................... 176 Coppermoldcasting ....................................... 176 J-quenchingcombinedwithfluxingtechnique .................... 177 Powdermetallurgy ......................................... 177 Additivemanufacturing(or3Dprinting)technique ................. 178 Enhancementofsoftmagneticproperties ............................ 178 ApplicationsofcommercializedFe-basedBMGs ...................... 179 MagneticbehaviorofNd-basedamorphoushardmagnets ............... 180 ModelsforthecoercivityofNd-basedamorphousalloys ............ 180 Microstructureandcompositionalcharacteristicsofamorphousphasein theNd Fe Al bulkmagnet ................................ 181 60 30 10 Enhancingthemagneticpropertybyalloyingelements.................. 184 Magneto-caloricbulkamorphousalloys ............................. 185 Magneto-caloriceffect ...................................... 185 Abriefhistoryofthemagneto-caloriceffect ......................... 186 Characterizationofmagneto-caloricmaterials ........................ 186 Magneto-caloricbulkmetallicglasses .............................. 188 Section3.Outlookofmagneticamorphousalloys ..................... 188 References................................................... 190 Contents ix CHAPTER7 Elasticityofmetallicgasses ..................................... 193 Continuummechanics .......................................... 193 Affineandnon-affinedeformation ................................. 193 Exampleofmacroscopicelasticdeformation ..................... 194 StrainmeasuredbytheVoronoimethod(atomiclevel) .............. 195 StrainmeasuredbytheX-raymethod:crystallinesolids ............. 197 StrainmeasuredbytheX-raymethod:amorphoussolids ............ 198 Deformationinbulkmetallicglass ................................. 200 ElasticmodulusbytheX-raymethod ............................... 201 DeformationinZr Al Ni Cu metallicglass ....................... 202 55 10 5 30 Contactprobabilityandaveragespacing ......................... 203 DeformationinZr Cu Al Ti metallicglass ...................... 205 46.5 45 7 1.5 DeformationinZr Cu Ni Al metallicglassundercooling ........... 207 64 16 10 10 Deformationinthinfilmmetallicglass.............................. 210 StructuralevolutioninZr Cu metallicglassduringcompression ........ 211 50 50 StructuralevolutioninZr Cu Ni Al duringheating ........... 213 64.13 15.75 10.12 10 Changesinatomicstructurerevealedbyradialdistribution ............... 215 References................................................... 218 CHAPTER8 Introductiontoanelasticdeformation .............................. 221 Creep ...................................................... 222 Stressrelaxation .............................................. 223 Mechanicalrelaxationanddynamiclossmodulus ..................... 224 Timeandtemperaturedependentbehavior ........................... 225 Creepofaluminium-basedmetallicglass ............................ 226 CreepofZr-basedmetallicglass .................................. 226 DynamicrelaxationinFe Al metallicglass ........................ 228 63 27 Free-volumeanelasticdeformationofmetallicglasses .................. 228 Theβ relaxationinLa–Ni–Almetallicglass ......................... 231 Definitionsofshearviscosity ..................................... 232 1.Newton’sdefinition ...................................... 232 2.Stokes’definition ........................................ 233 3.Hagen–Poiseuille’sdefinition ............................... 233 References................................................... 234 CHAPTER9 Plasticdeformationandyieldstrengthofmetals ...................... 235 Time–temperaturedeformationmaps ............................... 236 T–Tdeformationmapforpoly-crystallinemetal(silver) ............. 237 T–Tdeformationmapformetallicglass ......................... 238 Mechanismsofplasticityattheatomiclevel ...................... 238 Plasticityinmetallicglasses...................................... 239 PlasticflowinMGs ............................................ 241 Serratedflowatmacroscopiclevel ................................. 242 Environmentaltemperatureeffects ............................. 242 Dynamicalbehavior ........................................ 243 Micro-structureeffects ...................................... 263
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