An Introduction to Korean Linguistics

286 Pages·2016·4.583 MB·English

by  EunHee Lee, Sean Madigan, Mee-Jeong Park

7
1
0
2
e
n
u
J
5
0
1
2
:
2
2
t
a

]
o
g
e
i
D
n
a
S
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
An Introduction to Korean Linguistics
7
1
0
2
e
n
u
J
5 An Introduction to Korean Linguistics is a valuable and comprehensive text for
0
1 anyone with an interest in Korean linguistics.
2
: This book provides an in-depth introduction to the basics of Korean linguistics
2
2 and modern linguistic theory in an accessible style. It features a step-by-step
t
] a approach designed to lead the reader through the linguistic make-up of the
o
g language, from the basics of its sound system and sentence structure to the
e
i semantics of modern spoken Korean.
D
n Features include:
a
S
a, (cid:2) Detailed chapters covering the core areas in the field of linguistics, including
i
n
r phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics
o
f (cid:2) Clear and accessible explanations which effectively demonstrate the intricacies
i
l
Ca and subtleties of the Korean language
f (cid:2) Exercises designed to complement the factual and analytical issues covered
o
y in each chapter
t
si (cid:2) A comprehensive glossary of central terms.
r
e
v
i
n Korean is an invaluable language for the study of theoretical and comparative
U
[ linguistics, as it provides important examples and counter-examples to key issues,
y
b making An Introduction to Korean Linguistics an essential text for students and
d
e professional linguists alike.
d
a
o
nl EunHee Lee is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the
w
University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, USA.
o
D
Sean Madigan is a lecturer in the Department of Linguistics and Cognitive
Sciences at Dartmouth College, USA.
Mee-Jeong Park is Associate Professor of Korean Language and Linguistics
at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA.
7
1
0
2
e
n
u
J
5
0
1
2
:
2
2
t
a
]
o
g
e
i
D
n
a
S
a,
i This page intentionally left blank
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
An Introduction to
Korean Linguistics
7
1
0
2
e
n
u
J
5 EunHee Lee, Sean Madigan,
0
1
2 and Mee-Jeong Park
:
2
2
t
a
]
o
g
e
i
D
n
a
S
a,
i
n
r
o
f
i
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 EunHee Lee, Sean Madigan, and Mee-Jeong Park
The right of EunHee Lee, Sean Madigan, and Mee-Jeong Park to
be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in
7 accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
1 Patents Act 1988.
0
2 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
e or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
n
u now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
5 J or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
0 writing from the publishers.
1 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
2
: registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
2
2 without intent to infringe.
t
a British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
o] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
g
e Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Di A catalog record for this book has been requested
n
a ISBN: 978-0-415-65992-5 (hbk)
S
ISBN: 978-0-415-65993-2 (pbk)
a, ISBN: 978-1-315-67801-6 (ebk)
i
n
r
o Typeset in Berthold Akzidenz Grotesk
if by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
l
a
C
f
o
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
Contents
7
1
0
2
e
n
u
J
5 List of Figures ix
0
1 List of Tables xi
2
: Glossary xiii
2
2 Abbreviations xxii
t
a
]
o
g
e Chapter 1: Introduction 1
i
D 1.1 Language and Linguistics 1
n
a 1.2 Introducing the Korean Language 6
S
a, 1.3 Conducting Linguistic Research 10
i 1.4 Road Map 15
n
r
o
f
li Chapter 2: Phonetics 16
a
C
2.1 Introduction 16
f
o 2.2 Segmental Features in Korean: Consonants 21
y
t 2.2.1 States of Vocal Folds 21
i
s
er 2.2.2 Place of Articulation 24
v
i 2.2.3 Manner of Articulation 25
n
U 2.3 Articulation: Korean Vowels 26
[
y 2.3.1 Simple Vowels 27
b
d 2.3.1.1 Tongue Height and Tongue Position 27
e
d 2.3.1.2 Lip Rounding 27
a
o 2.3.2 Diphthongs 28
l
n
w 2.4 Suprasegmentals in Korean 29
o
D 2.4.1 Length, Pitch, Tone, and Stress 30
2.4.1.1 Length 30
2.4.1.2 Pitch, Tone, and Stress 31
2.4.2 Intonation 33
2.4.2.1 Accentual Phrase 34
2.4.2.2 Intonational Phrase 35
2.4.2.3 Phrasing 37
2.5 Exercises 39
vi CONTENTS
Chapter 3: Phonology 43
3.1 Basic Notions in Phonology 43
3.1.1 Phonemes and Allophones 43
3.1.2 Natural Class and Distinctive Features 45
3.2 Syllable Structure 48
3.3 Sound Alternations 50
3.3.1 Phonological Rules 50
3.3.2 Classification of Phonological Rules in Korean 51
7 3.3.2.1 Assimilation 52
1
0 3.3.2.2 Dissimilation 58
2
e 3.3.2.3 Epenthesis or Insertion 59
n
u 3.3.2.4 Deletion 62
J
5 3.3.2.5 Fusion 63
0
1 3.3.2.6 Reduction 65
2
: 3.4 Exercises 68
2
2
t
] a Chapter 4: Morphology 72
o
g 4.1 Basic Notions of Morphology 72
e
i 4.1.1 Structure of Words 72
D
n 4.1.1.1 Paradigms and Morphological Rules 72
a
S 4.1.1.2 Hierarchical Structure of Words 75
a, 4.1.1.3 Word Categories 77
i
n
r 4.1.2 Morphemes and Allomorphs 78
o
f 4.1.3 Morphological Typology 79
i
l
Ca 4.2 Word Formation Rules in Korean 80
f 4.2.1 Derivations in Korean 80
o
y 4.2.1.1 Noun Derivation 81
t
si 4.2.1.2 Verb/Adjective Derivation 84
r
e
v 4.2.1.3 Adverb Derivation 85
i
n 4.2.2 Compounding in Korean 86
U
[ 4.2.2.1 Noun Compounds 87
y
b 4.2.2.2 Verb Compounds 89
d
e 4.3 Korean Lexicon 90
d
a 4.4 Inflections in Korean 91
o
nl 4.4.1 Nominal Inflections 92
w
4.4.2 Verbal Inflections 95
o
D
4.4.3 Word Formation versus Inflection 97
4.5 Exercises 99
Chapter 5: Syntax 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Constituency 105
5.3 The Phrase 107
5.3.1 Proving Phrase Structure 114
5.3.2 Proving X-bar Theory 117
CONTENTS vii
5.4 The Sentence and Functional Categories 118
5.4.1 Functional Phrases: the Structure of the Sentence 118
5.4.2 More Functional Categories 123
5.4.2.1 Complementizer Phrase, Mood Phrase and
Embedded Clauses 123
5.4.2.2 Determiner Phrase (and Number Phrase) 126
5.5 The Korean Case System 130
5.5.1 Nominative and Accusative Case 131
7 5.5.2 Occurrences of Multiple Case-Marking 137
1
0 5.6 Anaphora and Binding 139
2
e 5.6.1 The Korean Pronominal System 139
n
u 5.6.1.1 Pronouns 139
J
5 5.6.1.2 Binding Conditions and Korean Pronouns 141
0
1 5.6.2 Local and Long-Distance Reflexives 142
2
: 5.6.2.1 Local Reflexives 142
2
2 5.6.2.2 Long-Distance Reflexives 144
t
] a 5.6.2.3 Casin 146
o
g 5.7 Movement and Transformations 148
e
i 5.7.1 Scrambling 151
D
n 5.7.2 Phrasal Movement in Korean 160
a
S 5.7.2.1 Passives 160
a, 5.7.2.2 Control Constructions 162
i
n
r 5.8 Relative Clauses in English and Korean 165
o
f 5.9 Honorifics 170
i
l
Ca 5.9.1 The Honorific System 170
f 5.9.2 Honorific Marking as Subject Agreement 171
o
y 5.10 Exercises 173
t
i
s
r
e
v Chapter 6: Semantics 178
i
n 6.1 Basic Notions of Semantics 178
U
[ 6.1.1 Truth-Conditional Semantics and the Principle
y
b of Compositionality 178
d
e 6.1.1.1 Truth-Conditional Semantics 178
d
a 6.1.1.2 The Principle of Compositionality 179
o
nl 6.1.2 Compositional Interpretation of Simple Korean Sentences 180
w
6.1.2.1 Sets and Functions 180
o
D
6.1.2.2 Interpretation of Intransitive Sentences 183
6.1.2.3 Interpretation of Transitive Sentences 185
6.1.3 Theory of Types and the Lambda Operator 187
6.1.3.1 Semantic Types 187
6.1.3.2 Lambda (λ) Notation 188
6.1.4 Logical Connectives 189
6.1.4.1 Negation 189
6.1.4.2 Conjunction 190
6.1.4.3 Implication 192
viii CONTENTS
6.1.5 Model Theory 193
6.1.6 Semantic Relationships between Sentences 194
6.1.6.1 Entailment 194
6.1.6.2 Implicature 195
6.1.6.3 Presupposition 196
6.2 Quantification 197
6.2.1 Universal and Existential Quantification 197
6.2.2 Scope Ambiguity 200
7 6.2.3 Numeral Classifier Constructions 202
1
0 6.2.4 Negative Polarity Items 204
2
e 6.2.5 Bare Common Nouns and Plurals 206
n
u 6.2.5.1 Bare Common Nouns 206
J
5 6.2.5.2 Plurals 208
0
1 6.3 Noun Modifiers: Adjectives and Relative Clauses 209
2
: 6.3.1 Adjectives 210
2
2 6.3.2 Relative Clauses 212
t
] a 6.4 Intensionality 214
o
g 6.4.1 Intensional Contexts and Possible Worlds Semantics 214
e
i 6.4.2 Tense 217
D
n 6.4.2.1 Tense Logic and Event Semantics 217
a
S 6.4.2.2 Aspect 221
a, 6.4.3 Modality 223
i
n
r 6.4.4 Reported Speech and Belief Contexts 228
o
f 6.5 Context 228
i
l
Ca 6.5.1 Indexicals and Demonstrative Pronouns 228
f 6.5.1.1 Indexicals 228
o
y 6.5.1.2 Demonstrative Pronouns 230
t
si 6.5.2 Speech Acts and Illocutionary Force 232
r
e
v 6.5.3 Addressee Honorification and Speech Styles 235
i
n 6.6 Information Structure 237
U
[ 6.6.1 Topic Marker -Nun and Topic-Comment Structure 237
y
b 6.6.2 Focus Particles and Alternative Semantics 240
d
e 6.7 Exercises 241
d
a
o
l
n
w Bibliography 248
o
D Index 258
List of Figures
7
1
0
2
e
n
u
J
5 1.1 Presentation of examples 6
0
1 1.2 Korean word order 9
2
: 1.3 Argumentation structure 2 12
2
2 2.1 Structures involved in speech production and states of the glottis 19
t
] a 2.2 Oral versus nasal sounds 20
o
g 2.3 Voiced versus voiceless sounds 22
e
i 2.4 Segmental and suprasegmental 29
D
n 2.5 Pitch tracks of (13) and (14) 35
a
S 2.6 Korean intonation phrase boundary tones 36
a, 3.1 Sound alternation in nasalization 47
i
n
r 3.2 Syllable structure 48
o
f 4.1 Hierarchical structure of words 76
i
l
Ca 4.2 Flat structure of words 76
f 4.3 Asymmetric compounds 88
o
y 5.1 General schematic for a phrase in syntax 108
t
i
s 5.2 Schematic for an example phrase in syntax 108
r
e
v 5.3 Major structural relations in English 110
i
n 5.4 Noun phrase for sakwa-lul ‘apple-ACC’ 110
U
[ 5.5 Noun phrase with a specifier 111
y
b 5.6 Noun phrase with an adjunct 111
d
e 5.7 Verb phrase 112
d
a 5.8 Complement 112
o
nl 5.9 Adjunct 113
w
o 5.10 Postpositional phrase 114
D
5.11 Pronoun replacement 115
5.12 Substitution 116
5.13 Substitution of N′ 118
5.14 General schematic for a phrase in syntax (repeated) 119
5.15 Change into inflectional phrase 119
5.16 Affix lowering 120
5.17 Base generation of tense 121
5.18 Verb movement 122