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WORK IN THE 21ST CENTURY FRANK J. LANDY Late Professor Emeritus, Penn State University JEFFREY M. CONTE San Diego State University AN INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY A FOURTH EDITION This page is intentionally left blank A Sampling of Websites Related to I-O Psychology and the Workplace SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY (SIOP): Website for SIOP, Division 14 of the American Psychological Association. http://www.siop.org/ SOCIETY FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (SHRM): SHRM is the world’s largest association devoted to human resource management. http://www.shrm.org O*NET: OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION NETWORK: The O*NET database includes information on knowledge, skills, abilities, work activities, and interests associated with many different occupations. http://online.onetcenter.org/ EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS HOMEPAGE: Website that provides material on performance appraisal and 360 feedback. http://www.hr-software.net/EmploymentStatistics HUMAN-RESOURCES GUIDE: Website that provides a great deal of information on selection, interviewing, and other staffing techniques. http://www.hr-guide.com/ EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION: Website that provides information on federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination and updates on recent employment discrimination cases. http://www.eeoc.gov AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (ASTD): Society focused on the latest developments in training and development. http://www.astd.org NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH): NIOSH is the Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related disease and injury. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html AMERICAN MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (AMA): AMA is the world’s leading membership-based management development and training organization. http://www.amanet.org/index.htm THE DILBERT ZONE: Provides a less serious view on work. http://www.unitedmedia.com/comics/dilbert/ Social Media Websites Related to I-O Psychology SIOP TWITTER ACCOUNT: http://twitter.com/sioptweets SIOP FACEBOOK PAGE: http://www.facebook.com/siop.org SIOP EXCHANGE/BLOG & GOOGLE NEWS FEED: http://siopexchange.typepad.com WORKPLACE PSYCHOLOGY BLOG BY STEVE NGUYEN: http://workplacepsychology.net/ BLOG ON TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION, & TRAINING BY DR. RICHARD LANDERS: http://neoacademic.com/ I-O AT WORK: WEBSITE/BLOG ON SCIENCE BEHIND HR: http://www.ioatwork.com/ Work in the 21st Century Dedicated to the memory of Frank J. Landy and his many contributions to the science, practice, and teaching of industrial and organizational psychology WORK IN THE 21ST CENTURY FRANK J. LANDY Late Professor Emeritus, Penn State University JEFFREY M. CONTE San Diego State University AN INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY A FOURTH EDITION VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Jay O’Callaghan SENIOR ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Robert Johnston ASSISTANT EDITOR Brittany Cheetham SENIOR MARKETING MANAGER Margaret Barrett SENIOR CONTENT MANAGER Lucille Buonocore SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR Anna Melhorn DESIGN DIRECTOR Harry Nolan COVER DESIGN Tom Nery PHOTO EDITOR Sheena Goldstein PRODUCTION SERVICES Suzanne Ingrao/ Ingrao Associates COVER AND PART OPENER PHOTO CREDIT Echo/Getty Images, Inc “COLOURED FILES IN A PILE” © mark wragg/iStockphoto “SOLAR PANELS IN A POWER PLANT” © Shelley Dennis/iStockphoto This book was set in 10/12 Minion by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by Quad Graphics/Versailles. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free-of-charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. 978-1-118-29120-7 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Frank J. Landy (1942–2010) was Professor Emeritus of Industrial Psychology at Penn State University, where he taught for 26 years. In addition to serving at Penn State, he was a visiting lecturer or researcher at Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley, Stockholm University, Gothenburg University, Cluj-Napoca University (Romania), Griffeths University (Australia), and Ljubljana University (Slovenia). He received his PhD in Industrial and Organizational Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Throughout the course of his academic career, Frank published over 70 journal articles, more than 20 book chapters, and 15 books. He served as president of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology and was involved in the development of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. In addition to his academic work, Frank had a successful consulting career, working with organizations in the United States and abroad. He testified as an expert witness in numerous state and federal employment discrimination cases that had signifi- cant implications for the organizations involved. In his private life, Frank was a true 21st- century Renaissance man. He traveled widely and lived abroad when possible. He spoke foreign languages and was highly interested in global events. Frank was an avid runner, completing over 60 marathons. He loved to fly fish and ski. Frank played and collected guitars and was a great lover of music. And when the mood struck him, he acted in community theater. Of all of his pursuits, writing brought him the most enjoyment. Jeffrey M. Conte is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at San Diego State University. He received his BA in Psychology and Biology from the University of Virginia and his PhD in Industrial and Organizational Psychology from Penn State University. He teaches approximately 800 students each year in I-O psychology and personality psychology courses. He has conducted research on a variety of topics, including personnel selection, personality predictors of job performance, time management, poly- chronicity and multitasking, the measurement of emotional intelligence, and the factors associated with health and stress in the workplace. Jeff also has interests in cross-cultural research and has conducted research in organizations across the United States as well as in Canada and France. Jeff’s research has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. His research has been published in a variety of I-O psychology and management journals, including the Journal of Applied Psychology, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Human Performance, Journal of Business and Psychology, Personality and Individual Differences, Journal of Managerial Psychology, and Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Jeff has worked with a variety of organizations, dealing with such issues as human resource selection, test construction/validation, work attitudes, performance appraisal, job-related stress, compensation systems, downsizing, and organizational factors related to safety. He has also performed job analyses, conducted statistical analyses, and contributed to written briefs and reports in a variety of employment discrimination court cases. His research and practice have included a wide variety of occupations, including lawyers, engineers, managers, firefighters, police officers, and public transportation drivers. In his spare time, Jeff enjoys running, soccer, tennis, and other outdoor sports. Jeff lives in San Diego with his wife, Michelle, and daughters, Caroline and Colleen. About the Authors v Contents vi Brief Contents Preface xx PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? 3 2 Methods and Statistics in I-O Psychology 49 PART 2 INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 3 Individual Differences and Assessment 87 4 Job Analysis and Performance 155 5 Performance Measurement 197 6 Staffing Decisions 241 7 Training and Development 275 PART 3 ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 8 The Motivation to Work 317 9 Attitudes, Emotions, and Work 355 10 Stress and Worker Well-Being 395 11 Fairness and Diversity in the Workplace 441 12 Leadership 473 13 Teams in Organizations 517 14 The Organization of Work Behavior 547 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-16 vi Preface xx PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? 3 Module 1.1 The Importance of I-O Psychology 4 The Importance of Work in People’s Lives 4 The Concept of “Good Work” 5 Authenticity: A Trend of Interest to I-O Psychologists 7 How Does I-O Psychology Contribute to Society? 7 What Is I-O Psychology? 7 Evidence-Based I-O Psychology 11 SIOP as a Resource 12 How This Course Can Help You 12 The Importance of Understanding the Younger Worker 14 Module 1.2 The Past, Present, and Future of I-O Psychology 17 The Past: A Brief History of I-O Psychology 17 1876–1930 18 1930–1964 20 The Present: The Demographics of I-O Psychologists 23 Pathways to a Career in I-O Psychology: A Curious Mixture 24 What We Call Ourselves 25 The Future: The Challenges to I-O Psychology in the 21st Century 25 A Personal View of the Future: Preparing for a Career in I-O Psychology 26 Education and Training 26 Getting into a Graduate Program 27 Module 1.3 Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology 29 The Multicultural Nature of Life in the 21st Century 29 Cross-National Issues in the Workplace 31 Why Should Multiculturalism Be Important to You? 33 Why Is Multiculturalism Important for I-O Psychology? 33 Some Theories of Cultural Influence 35 Hofstede’s Theory 35 Some Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence 39 Module 1.4 The Organization of This Book 41 Themes 41 Parts 42 vii Contents Contents viii Resources 42 Case Study 1.1 45 2 Methods and Statistics in I-O Psychology 49 Module 2.1 Science 50 What Is Science? 50 The Role of Science in Society 51 Why Do I-O Psychologists Engage in Research? 52 Module 2.2 Research 54 Research Design 54 Methods of Data Collection 56 Qualitative and Quantitative Research 56 The Importance of Context in Interpreting Research 57 Generalizability and Control in Research 58 Generalizability 58 Case Study 2.1 59 Control 60 Ethical Behavior in I-O Psychology 60 Module 2.3 Data Analysis 63 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 63 Descriptive Statistics 63 Inferential Statistics 65 Statistical Significance 65 The Concept of Statistical Power 66 Correlation and Regression 66 The Concept of Correlation 67 The Correlation Coefficient 67 Multiple Correlation 69 Correlation and Causation 69 Meta-Analysis 71 Micro-, Macro-, and Meso-Research 72 Module 2.4 Interpretation 74 Reliability 74 Test–Retest Reliability 75 Equivalent Forms Reliability 75 Internal Consistency 76 Inter-Rater Reliability 76 Validity 77 Criterion-Related Validity 78 Content-Related Validity 80 Construct-Related Validity 81 Validity and the Law: A Mixed Blessing 83 Contents ix PART 2 INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 3 Individual Differences and Assessment 87 Module 3.1 An Introduction to Individual Differences 88 Some Background 88 Differential Psychology, Psychometrics, and I-O Psychology 89 Identifying Individual Differences 90 Varieties of Individual Differences 91 Module 3.2 Human Attributes 93 ABILITIES 93 Cognitive Abilities 93 Intelligence as “g” 93 Is “g” Important at Work? 94 Is “g” as Important in Other Countries as It Is in the United States? 95 Can Your Level of “g” Change? 95 Specific Cognitive Abilities beyond “g” 96 Physical, Sensory, and Psychomotor Abilities 98 Physical Abilities 98 Sensory Abilities 99 Psychomotor Abilities 100 Personality and Work Behavior 101 The Big Five and Other Models of Personality 101 Case Study 3.1 102 Implications of Broad Personality Models 104 ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES 106 Skills 106 Knowledge 106 Competencies 108 Emotional Intelligence 108 Module 3.3 Foundations of Assessment 111 The Past and the Present of Testing 111 What Is a Test? 113 What Is the Meaning of a Test Score? 113 What Is a Test Battery? 114 Where to Find Tests 115 Administrative Test Categories 115 Speed versus Power Tests 115 Group versus Individual Tests 116 Paper-and-Pencil versus Performance Tests 116 Testing and Culture 117 International Assessment Practices 118 Module 3.4 Assessment Procedures 120 Assessment Content versus Process 120 Assessment Procedures: Content 120