An Introduction to Combustion Concepts and Applications PDF
Preview An Introduction to Combustion Concepts and Applications
A I C N NTRODUCTION TO OMBUSTION Concepts and Applications ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd ii 11//44//1111 22::0000::5511 PPMM ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiii 11//44//1111 22::0000::5511 PPMM A I C N NTRODUCTION TO OMBUSTION Concepts and Applications THIRD EDITION Stephen R. Turns Propulsion Engineering Research Center and Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 11//44//1111 22::0000::5511 PPMM AN INTRODUCTION TO COMBUSTION: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS, THIRD EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2000 and 1996. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-338019-3 MHID 0-07-338019-9 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan Senior Sponsoring Editor: Bill Stenquist Senior Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds Development Editor: Lora Neyens Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rowles Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri Lead Photo Research Coordinator: Carrie K. Burger Cover Image: © Royalty-Free/CORBIS Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman Compositor: Glyph International Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Printer: R.R. Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Turns, Stephen R. An introduction to combustion : concepts and applications / Stephen R.Turns.—3rd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-07-338019-3 (alk. paper) 1. Combustion engineering. I. Title. TJ254.5.T88 2011 621.402’3—dc22 2010034538 www.mhhe.com ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iivv 11//44//1111 22::0000::5522 PPMM A A BOUT THE UTHOR Stephen R. Turns received degrees in mechanical engineering from The Pennsylvania State University (B.S., 1970), Wayne State University (M.S., 1974), and the University of Wisconsin at Madison (Ph.D., 1979). He was a research engineer at General Motors Research Laboratories from 1970 to 1975. He joined the Penn State faculty in 1979 and is currently Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Turns teaches a wide variety of courses in the thermal sciences and has re- ceived several awards for teaching excellence at Penn State. In 2009, he received the American Society of Engineering Education’s Ralph Coats Roe award. Dr. Turns had conducted research in several combustion-related areas. He is a member of The Combustion Institute, the American Institute of Aeronautics, the American Society of Engineering Education, and the Society of Automotive Engineers. Dr. Turns is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. v ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vv 11//44//1111 22::0000::5522 PPMM This book is dedicated to Joan Turns. ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vvii 11//44//1111 22::0000::5522 PPMM By contrast, the fi rst fi res fl ickering at a cave mouth are our own discovery, our own triumph, our grasp upon invisible chemical power. Fire contained, in that place of brutal darkness and leaping shadows, the crucible and the chemical retort, steam and industry. It contained the entire human future. Loren Eiseley The Unexpected Universe ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vviiii 11//44//1111 22::0000::5522 PPMM ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vviiiiii 11//44//1111 22::0000::5522 PPMM P T E REFACE TO THE HIRD DITION The third edition retains the same primary objectives as previous editions: fi rst, to present basic combustion concepts using relatively simple and easy-to-understand analyses; and second, to introduce a wide variety of practical applications that moti- vate or relate to the various theoretical concepts. The overarching goal is to provide a textbook that is useful for both formal undergraduate and introductory graduate study in mechanical engineering and related fi elds, and informal study by practicing engineers. The overarching theme of the revisions in this edition is the addition and updat- ing of specifi c topics related to energy use; protection of the environment, including climate change; and fuels. The largest single change is the addition of a new chapter dedicated to fuels. Highlights of these changes and a brief discussion of the new chapter follow. Chapter 1 includes more detailed information on energy sources and use and electricity generation and use. Chapter 4 contains new sections devoted to reduced mechanisms and to catalysis and heterogeneous reactions. As detailed chemical mechanisms for combustion and pollutant formation have grown in complexity, the need for robust reduced mechanisms has grown. Catalytic exhaust aftertreatment has become the standard approach to controlling emissions from spark-ignition engines and is making inroads for controlling diesel engine emissions. Catalytic combustion has also been of interest in some applications. These factors were the drivers for the new sections of Chapter 4. Changes in Chapter 5 refl ect the progress that has been made in developing detailed mechanisms for realistic transportation fuels. Other changes include updating the detailed methane combustion kinetics (GRI Mech) to include detailed nitrogen chemistry and the addition of a major new section pre- senting a reduced mechanism for methane combustion and nitric oxide formation. Changes to Chapter 9 refl ect advances in both experimentation and modeling related to laminar nonpremixed fl ames. Chapter 10 has been updated to refl ect current prac- tice in the design and operation of gas-turbine combustors; Chapter 10 also cites recent droplet combustion studies conducted in space using the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. Revisions to Chapter 12 refl ect the latest advances in understanding turbulent premixed combustion. Similarly, Chapter 13 has been revised to include recent fi ndings on soot formation and destruction and provides an expanded and updated discussion of fl ame radiation from turbulent nonpremixed fl ames. Several new fi gures and more than 30 new references complement these two chapters. The title of Chapter 15 has been changed from “Pollutant Emissions” to “Emissions” to refl ect that greenhouse gas emissions, as well as pollutant emissions, are both important combustion considerations. Many changes and/or additions have been made to this chapter. These include, but are not limited to, the following: an expanded iixx ttuurr8800119999__FFMM__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iixx 11//44//1111 22::0000::5533 PPMM
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