An Introduction to Combustion Concepts and Applications

754 Pages·2012·24.49 MB·English

by  Stephen R. Turns

A I C
N NTRODUCTION TO OMBUSTION
Concepts and Applications
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A I C
N NTRODUCTION TO OMBUSTION
Concepts and Applications
THIRD EDITION
Stephen R. Turns
Propulsion Engineering Research Center
and
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University
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AN INTRODUCTION TO COMBUSTION: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS, THIRD EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous
editions © 2000 and 1996. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978-0-07-338019-3
MHID 0-07-338019-9
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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Turns, Stephen R.
An introduction to combustion : concepts and applications / Stephen R.Turns.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-07-338019-3 (alk. paper)
1. Combustion engineering. I. Title.
TJ254.5.T88 2011
621.402’3—dc22
2010034538
www.mhhe.com
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A A
BOUT THE UTHOR
Stephen R. Turns received degrees in mechanical engineering from The
Pennsylvania State University (B.S., 1970), Wayne State University (M.S., 1974),
and the University of Wisconsin at Madison (Ph.D., 1979). He was a research
engineer at General Motors Research Laboratories from 1970 to 1975. He joined the
Penn State faculty in 1979 and is currently Professor of Mechanical Engineering.
Dr. Turns teaches a wide variety of courses in the thermal sciences and has re-
ceived several awards for teaching excellence at Penn State. In 2009, he received the
American Society of Engineering Education’s Ralph Coats Roe award. Dr. Turns
had conducted research in several combustion-related areas. He is a member of The
Combustion Institute, the American Institute of Aeronautics, the American Society
of Engineering Education, and the Society of Automotive Engineers. Dr. Turns is a
Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
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This book is dedicated to Joan Turns.

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By contrast, the fi rst fi res fl ickering at a cave mouth
are our own discovery, our own triumph, our grasp upon
invisible chemical power. Fire contained, in that place of
brutal darkness and leaping shadows, the crucible and the
chemical retort, steam and industry. It contained the entire
human future.
Loren Eiseley
The Unexpected Universe
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P T E
REFACE TO THE HIRD DITION
The third edition retains the same primary objectives as previous editions: fi rst, to
present basic combustion concepts using relatively simple and easy-to-understand
analyses; and second, to introduce a wide variety of practical applications that moti-
vate or relate to the various theoretical concepts. The overarching goal is to provide
a textbook that is useful for both formal undergraduate and introductory graduate
study in mechanical engineering and related fi elds, and informal study by practicing
engineers.
The overarching theme of the revisions in this edition is the addition and updat-
ing of specifi c topics related to energy use; protection of the environment, including
climate change; and fuels. The largest single change is the addition of a new chapter
dedicated to fuels. Highlights of these changes and a brief discussion of the new
chapter follow.
Chapter 1 includes more detailed information on energy sources and use and
electricity generation and use. Chapter 4 contains new sections devoted to reduced
mechanisms and to catalysis and heterogeneous reactions. As detailed chemical
mechanisms for combustion and pollutant formation have grown in complexity, the
need for robust reduced mechanisms has grown. Catalytic exhaust aftertreatment has
become the standard approach to controlling emissions from spark-ignition engines
and is making inroads for controlling diesel engine emissions. Catalytic combustion
has also been of interest in some applications. These factors were the drivers for the
new sections of Chapter 4. Changes in Chapter 5 refl ect the progress that has been
made in developing detailed mechanisms for realistic transportation fuels. Other
changes include updating the detailed methane combustion kinetics (GRI Mech) to
include detailed nitrogen chemistry and the addition of a major new section pre-
senting a reduced mechanism for methane combustion and nitric oxide formation.
Changes to Chapter 9 refl ect advances in both experimentation and modeling related
to laminar nonpremixed fl ames. Chapter 10 has been updated to refl ect current prac-
tice in the design and operation of gas-turbine combustors; Chapter 10 also cites
recent droplet combustion studies conducted in space using the Space Shuttle and
the International Space Station. Revisions to Chapter 12 refl ect the latest advances
in understanding turbulent premixed combustion. Similarly, Chapter 13 has been
revised to include recent fi ndings on soot formation and destruction and provides
an expanded and updated discussion of fl ame radiation from turbulent nonpremixed
fl ames. Several new fi gures and more than 30 new references complement these
two chapters.
The title of Chapter 15 has been changed from “Pollutant Emissions” to
“Emissions” to refl ect that greenhouse gas emissions, as well as pollutant emissions, are
both important combustion considerations. Many changes and/or additions have been
made to this chapter. These include, but are not limited to, the following: an expanded
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