An Empire of Memory: The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade PDF
Preview An Empire of Memory: The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade
AN EMPIRE OF MEMORY This page intentionally left blank An Empire of Memory The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade MATTHEW GABRIELE 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #MatthewGabriele2011 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2011 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN 978–0–19–959144–2 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Whatishistorybutafableagreedupon? (attributedtoNapoleonBonaparte) Languagehasalwaysbeenthepartnerofempire. (AntoniodeNebrija,Gramáticadelalenguacastellana,1492) ThetombtheywereabouttoenterhadnotbeenopenedsinceJanuary29,814,the day on which the Most Serene Augustus Crowned by God the Great Peaceful Emperor, Governing the Roman Empire, King of the Franks and Lombards Through the Mercy of God, died. By then he was already wise beyond mortals, an inspirer of miracles, the protector of Jerusalem, a clairvoyant, a man of iron, a bishop of bishops. One poet proclaimed that no one would be nearer to the apostolic band than he. In life he’d been called Carolus. Magnus first became attachedtohisnameinreferencetohisgreatheight,butnowindicatedgreatness. His French label, though, was the one used most commonly, a merger of Carolus andMagnusintoanamepresentlyutteredwithheadsbowedandvoiceslow,asif speakingofGod.Charlemagne. (SteveBerry,TheCharlemagnePursuit,2008) For Rachel and Uly Contents Acknowledgments viii ListofImages x Abbreviations xi Introduction:LookingforCharlemagne 1 I. THE FRANKS REMEMBER EMPIRE 1.TheBirthofaFrankishGoldenAge 13 TheFranksafterCharlemagne 15 ReligiousHousesandtheirCharlemagnes 23 TheExpandingEmpire 30 2.TheNarrativesofCharlemagne’sJourneytotheEastbefore1100 41 ADonationtoSt.AndrewonMonteSoratte:c.970 41 TheFoundationofCharroux:c.1095 44 ACapetianTranslatio:c.1080 51 TheRelationshipamongtheSources 60 II. JERUSALEM 3.NewJerusalemsandPilgrimagetotheEastbefore1100 73 JerusalemandtheWestbeforetheEleventhCentury 73 JerusalemandPilgrimagefromtheWestduringtheEleventhCentury 79 III. THE FRANKS RECREATE EMPIRE 4.TheFranks’ImaginedEmpire 97 AChristianRealm 98 TheEmpiretoCome 107 TheFranksattheEndofHistory 115 5.TheFranksReturntotheHolyLand 129 FrankishIdentityintheEleventhCentury 130 CallingtheFrankstoHolyWar:IdeasBecomeAction 139 Appendix1:LegendforFigure1.1 160 Bibliography 164 Index 193 Acknowledgments Itisimpossibletoproperlyrecognizeinjustafewwordsallthosewhohaveaided meoverthepreviousyears.MythanksshouldfirstextendtoChuck,whoprovided theinspirationforthisbook.Fortheirgenerousfinancialsupport,Iwouldliketo thankVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity(VirginiaTech),especial- lytheCollegeofLiberalArtsandHumanSciencesandtheDepartmentofReligion andCulture,theNationalEndowmentfortheHumanities,theMedievalAcademy ofAmerica,theMellonFoundation,theDepartmentofHistoryattheUniversity ofCalifornia,Berkeley,andtheHonorsProgramattheUniversityofDelaware.My thanks extend to Nottingham Medieval Studies and the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at UCLAfor permissionto reprint portions of my previously published articles and to Elizabeth Pastan, the Warburg Institute, the Aachen CathedralTreasury,theBibliothèqueNationaledeFrance,CambridgeUniversity Press, and Anton Hiersemann Verlag for permission to reprint their respective images.Also,myresearchwouldhavebeenimmenselymoredifficultifitwerenot for the librarians and staff members at the University of California, Berkeley, including the Robbins Collection at Boalt School of Law, Virginia Tech, the University of Virginia, the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris, the British Library, the Bodleian Library, the Warburg Institute, and the Institute of Historical Research. Iwouldbenothingwithoutmyteachers.DanielF.Callahandeservesmyspecial thanks for mentoring me as an undergraduate and pointing me towards the CharlemagnelegendwhenIwasattheUniversityofDelaware.Hehascontinued to be a friend. At Cal, my graduate advisor, Geoffrey Koziol, has always been supportive both of my work and of my professional development. Thomas A. Brady,Jr.,DavidHult,LuminitaFlorea,MaureenMiller,thelateGerardCaspary, and the late Robert Brentano all provided helpful advice and support. I learned a great deal during my summer at a NEH-sponsored seminar inYarnton, England, especiallyinconversationwithIrvResnick,KarenKletter,RachelStocking,Adam Serfass,andJohnOtt.Inturn,myownstudentsatCalandVirginiaTechremind meofwhy Ido what Ido. Iamespecially grateful tomyundergraduate assistant, RachelHarris,forherpatienceandherknowledgeofVT’slibraries. Oneofthegreatpleasuresinacademiaismeetingotherpeopleandsharingideas. Ihavebeenparticularlyfortunateinthisregard.TheanonymousreadersatOxford University Press offered many constructive thoughts on drafts of this manuscript. TheEarlierMedievalEuropeSeminarsattheIHR,led(whenIwasthere)byAlan Thacker,MichaelClanchy,JohnGillingham,andJintyNelson,wereinvaluablein exposingmetoscholarshipthatchallengedmyown.TheCenterforMedievaland RenaissanceStudiesSeminarssponsoredbyUCLAandtheHuntingtonLibrarydid much the same. In London and thereafter, Theo Riches lent a critical eye to my workandquicklybecameafriend.MycompatriotsatCal,KathleenStewartFung, Acknowledgments ix RosalindJaegerReynolds,andSamCollinshavebeenfriendsformanyyearsnow. R. I. Moore, Jason Glenn, Amy Remensnyder, Paul Kershaw, Tom Madden, David Warner, Peggy Brown, Scott Bruce, Deborah Gerish, Niall Christie, Mi- chael Frassetto, Nick Paul, Paul Hyams, Julie Hofmann, Jonathan Jarrett, Kate McGrath,DavidPerry,WendyHoofnagle,JaceStuckey,andAnneLatowskyhave allprovidedmuchencouragementandmanyusefulsuggestionsalongtheway.Jay RubensteinandBrettWhalendeservespecialthanksforreadingthismanuscriptin variousdraftstagesandbeingextremelygenerousinsharingtheirownwork. At Virginia Tech, there are too many people toname individually. All of them have helped me make Blacksburg home. Everyone in my department of Religion andCulture(andformerlyintheDepartmentofInterdisciplinaryStudies)hasbeen almostunbelievablysupportiveofmyworkinallofitsiterations,inthelibrary,in theclassroom,andinthemeetingroom.Thesamecanbesaidtoagreatnumberof people in other departments throughout the university, especially those affiliated withVT’sMedievalandEarlyModernStudies. Finally,themostimportantpeopletothankarefriendsandfamily.Thankstoall ofourfriendswemetinDelaware,Berkeley,London,andBlacksburg.Thanksto allmyfamilyandespeciallytomyparents,TobieandMaureenGabriele,mysister Nicole,herhusbandJeff,theirdaughterPaige,mybrotherTimh,hiswifeAmanda, and their daughter Alice. Just thanks for everything. My son Ulysses is my joy in life. I am always proud of you. Fishsticks and Pfeffernüssen. Finally, Rachel, my wife,deservesmorethanksandpraisethanIcaneverofferher.Sheismytrueand abiding love. All I can say is, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful, won- derful,andmostwonderful,andyetagain,wonderful.Thankyou.
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