An Applied Guide to Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods

387 Pages·2017·27.61 MB·English

by  W. Alex Edmonds

An Applied Guide
to Research Designs
Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
Second Edition ·
W. Alex Edmonds
Thomas D. Kennedy
Nova Southeastern University
. • 1):
ISAGE
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Singapore I Washington DC I Melbourne
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55CityRoad Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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Names: Edmonds, W. Alex, author. I Kennedy, Thomas D., author.
UnitedK ingdom
Title: An applied guide to research designs : quantitative,
SAGEP ublicationIsn diaP vt.L td. qualitative, and mixed methods I W. Alex Edmonds, Nova
Southeastern University, Thomas D. Kennedy, Nova Southeastern
B 1/11M ohanC ooperativIen dustriaAl rea
University.
MathuraR oadN, ewD elh1i 100 44
Other titles: Applied reference guide to research designs
India
Description: Los Angeles: SAGE, [2017] I Earlier edition
SAGEP ublicationAss ia-PacifiPc te.L td. published in 2013 as: An applied reference guide to research
designs : quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. I Includes
3 ChurchS treet
bibliographical references and index.
#10-04S amsungH ub
Identifiers: LCCN 2015045991 I ISBN 9781483317274 (pbk.: alk.
Singapor0e4 9483
paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Social sciences-Research-Methodology. I
Education-Research-Methodology. I Research-Methodology.
Classification: LCC H62 .E327 2017 I DOC 001.4/2-dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015045991
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Brief Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Diagrams xi
Foreword xiv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments XXV
About the Authors xxvi
1. A Primer of the Scientific Method
and Relevant Components 1
PART I. QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR EXPERIMENTAL
AND QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 29
2. Between-Subjects Approach 35
3. Regression-Discontinuity Approach 51
4. Within-Subjects Approach 57
5. Factorial Designs 75
6. Solomon N-Group Designs 93
7. Single-Case Approach 103
PART II. QUANTITATIVE METHODS
FOR NONEXPERIME~TAL ¥ESEARCH 117
8. Ex Post Facto and Posttest-Only Designs 120
9. Observational Approach 125
10. Survey Approach 133
PART III. QUALITATIVE METHODS 141
11. Grounded Theory Perspective 145
12. Ethnographic Perspective 152
13. Narrative Perspective 160
14. Phenomenological Perspective 168
PART Iv. MIXED METHODS 177
15. Convergent-Parallel Approach 181
16. Embedded Approach 189
17. Explanatory-Sequential Approach 196
18. Exploratory-Sequential Approach 201
19. Mixed Methods, Case Studies, and Single-Case Approaches 208
20. Action Research Approaches 212
21. Conclusion 218
Appendix A. Less Common Designs for Experimental
and Quasi-Experimental Research 222
Appendix B. Types of Case Study Designs 229
Appendix C. Five Types of Mixed Methods Designs 231
Appendix D. Reporting Preliminary Statistical Findings 232
Appendix E. Analysis by Design 251
Appendix F. Qualitative Data Analysis 321
Appendix G. Validity, Control, and Causal Inferences Checklist 332
Appendix H. Consort 2010: Checklist and Guidelines
for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials 334
References 338
Author Index 352
Subject Index 357
Detailed Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Diagrams xi
Foreword xiv
Paul E. Spector
Preface xvii
Audience xx
Features xxi
Unique Features xxi
New to the Second Edition xxii
Companion Website xxiii
Acknowledgments XXV
About the Authors xx:vi
1. A Primer of the Scientific Method and Relevant
Components 1
The Scientific Method 2
Validity and Research Designs 3
Independent and Dependent Variables 5
Internal Validity 7
External Validity 8
Construct Validity 9
Statistical Conclusion Validity 9
Design Logic 13
...
'
Control 13
Design Notations 15
Assignment Techniques 15
Comparison and Control Groups 18
Sampling Strategies 18
Probability Sampling Techniques 20
Nonprobability Sampling Techniques 20
Research Questions 21
Types of Inquiry 21
PART I. QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR EXPERIMENTAL
AND QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 29
Experimental Research 30
Quasi-Experimental Research 32
2. Between-Subjects Approach 35
Pretest and Posttest Designs 35
k-Factor Designs 36
Posttest Designs 43
3. Regression-Discontinuity Approach 51
4. Within-Subjects Approach 57
Repeated-Measures Approach 58
Switching-Replications Design: A Primer 59
Crossover and Latin-Square Designs 61
5. Factorial Designs 75
6. Solomon N-Group Design 93
7. Single-Case Approach 103
PART II. QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR
NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 117
8. Ex Post Facto and Posttest-Only Designs 120
9. Observational Approach 125
Explanatory Design 126
Predictive Design 126
Statistical Tools 127
Predicting a Single Variable for
the Predictive Design 128
Predicting More Tban One Variable 128
10. Survey Approach 133
Primary Threats to Validity 134
Cross-Sectional Design 135
Longitudinal Design 135
PART III. QUALITATIVE METHODS 141
The Case Study 143
11. Grounded Theory Perspective 145
Systematic Design 146
Emerging Design 146
Constructivist Design 146
12. Ethnographic Perspective 152
Realist Design 152
Critical Design 153
Case Study Design 153
13. Narrative Perspective 160
Descriptive Design 161
Explanatory Design 161
Critical Design 161
14. Phenomenological Perspective 168
Existential Design 168
Transcendental Design 169
Hermeneutic Design 169
Case Study Design 169
PART Iv. MIXED METHODS 177
Mixed Methods Legend 179
15. Convergent-Parallel Approach 181
Parallel-Databases Design 182
Data-Transformation Design 182
Data-Validation Design 182
Multilevel Design 182
16. Embedded Approach 189
Embedded-Experiment Design 190
Embedded-Correlational Design 190
Embedded Case Sn.tdy De~gn 190
17. Explanatory-Sequential Approach 196
Follow-Up Explanations Design 197
Participant-Selection Design 197
18. Exploratory-Sequential Approach 201
Instrument-Development Design 202
Theory-Development Design 202
Treatment-Development Design 202
19. Mixed Methods, Case Studies, and Single-Case Approaches 208
Mixed Method A-B-A Designs 209
Sequential Case Study Single-Case Design 210
20. Action Research Approaches 212
Embedding Research Designs Within the Action
Research Approach 214
21. Conclusion 218
Philosophical Tenets 218
Evaluation Approaches 219
Data Analytics 220
Final Remarks 220
Appendix A. Less Common Designs for Experimental
and Quasi-Experimental Research 222
Appendix B. Types of Case Study Designs 229
Appendix C. Five Types of Mixed Methods Designs 231
Appendix D. Reporting Preliminary Statistical Findings 232
Appendix E. Analysis by Design 251
Appendix F. Qualitative Data Analysis 321
Appendix G. Validity, Control, and Causal Inferences Checklist 332
Appendix H. Consort 2010: Checklist and Guidelines
for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials 334
References 338
Author Index 352
Subject Index 357
List of Tables,
Figures, and Diagrams
+
TABLES
Table 1.1. Threats to Internal Validity 7 Table 1.6. Design Notations 15
Table 1.2. Threats to External Validity 9 Table 1.7. Group Assignment Design
Notations 15
Table 1.3. Threats to Construct Validity 10
Table 7.1. Design Notations for
Table 1.4. Threats to Statistical Conclusion
Single-Case Approaches 104
Validity 11
Table 20.1. Design Notations for the Action
Table 1.5. Control Techniques for
Research Approach 215
Experimental, Quasi
Experimental, and
Nonexperimental Research 14
+
FIGURES
Figure 1.1. The Scientific Method 3 Figure 3.1. Sample of a Cutoff Score 52
Figure 1.2. Conceptual and Operational Figure 4.1. Wait-List Continuation Design
Definitions 6 (for Random Assignment) 60
Figure 4.2. Switching-Replications Design
Figure 1.3. Example of"a Stratlfied Random-
(for Nonrandom Assignment) 60
Assignment Technique 17
Figure 11.1. Systematic Design 147
Figure 1.4. Example of a Sample Extracted
From a Population 19 Figure 11.2. Emerging Design 148
Figure 11.3. Constructivist Design 150
Figure 1.1. Quantitative Method Flowchart 29
Figure 12.1. Realist Design 155
Figure 1.2. Double Pretest Design for Quasi-
Experimental Research 33 Figure 12.2. Critical Design 156
xi
+
xii AN APPLIED GUIDE TO RESEARCH DESIGNS
Figure 12.3. Case Study Design 157 Figure 16.2. Embedded-Correlational
Design 192
Figure 13.1. Descriptive Design 163
Figure 16.3. Embedded Case Study
Figure 13.2. Explanatory Design 164
Design 193
Figure 13.3. Critical Design 165
Figure 17.1. Follow-Up Explanation
Figure 14.1. Existential Design 171 Design 197
Figure 14.2. Transcendental Design 172 Figure 17.2. Participant-Selection Design 198
Figure 14.3. Hermeneutic Design 173 Figure 18.1. Instrument-Development
Figure 14.4. Case Study Design 174 Design 203
Figure 15.1. Parallel-Databases Design 183 Figure 18.2. Theory-Development Design 204
Figure 15.2. Data-Transformation Design 184 Figure 18.3. Treatment-Development
Design 205
Figure 15.3. Data-Validation Design 185
Figure 19.1. Sequential Case Study Single-
Figure 15.4. Multilevel Design 187
Case Design 210
Figure 16.1. Embedded-Experiment Design
Figure 20.1. The Cyclical Action Research
(One-Phase) 191
Approach 214
+
DIAGRAMS
Diagram 2.1. Pretest and Posttest Control Diagram 2.8. 2-Factor Posttest Control
Group Design 37 Group Design 46
Diagram 2.2. 2-Factor Pretest and Posttest Diagram 2.9. 2-Factor Posttest Design 47
Control Group Design 38
Diagram 2.10. 3-Factor Posttest Design 48
Diagram 2.3. 2-Factor Pretest and Posttest
Diagram 3.1. Regression-Discontinuity
Design 40
Pretest-Posttest Control
Diagram 2.4. 3-Factor Pretest and Posttest Group Design 53
1
Design 41
Diagram 3.2. Regression-Discontinuity
Diagram 2.5. 4-Factor Pretest and Posttest Pretest-Posttest Control
Design 42 Group Design 54
2
Diagram 2.6. Example of a Posttest-Only Diagram 4.1. A Repeated-Measures
and a Historical Control Approach 3-Factor Crossover
Grotlp Design 44 Design 62
Diagram 2.7. Posttest Control Group Diagram 4.2. Example of a 3 x 3 Latin-
Design 45 Square Design 63