Amphiphilic polymer co-networks: synthesis, properties, modelling and applications

388 Pages·2020·32.986 MB·English

by  Patrickios, Costas S

Amphiphilic Polymer Co- networks
Synthesis, Properties, Modelling and Applications
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Polymer Chemistry Series
Editor-­in-c­hief:
Ben Zhong Tang, The­Hong­Kong­University­of­Science­and­Technology,­­
Hong­Kong,­China
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9- Series­editors:
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57 Alaa S. Abd- El- Aziz, University­of­Prince­Edward­Island,­Canada
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80 Jianhua Dong, National­Natural­Science­Foundation­of­China,­China
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17 Jeremiah A. Johnson, Massachusetts­Institute­of­Technology,­USA
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97 Toshio Masuda, Shanghai­University,­China
39/ Christoph Weder, University­of­Fribourg,­Switzerland
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oi: Titles­in­the­series:
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g | 1: Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials
c.or 2: Molecular Design and Applications of Photofunctional Polymers and
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s.r Materials
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s:// 4: Fundamentals of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization
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htt 5: Healable Polymer Systems
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o 6: Thiol- X Chemistries in Polymer and Materials Science
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02 7: Natural Rubber Materials: Volume 1: Blends and IPNs
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pril 8: Natural Rubber Materials: Volume 2: Composites and Nanocomposites
A 9: Conjugated Polymers: A Practical Guide to Synthesis
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on 2 10: Polymeric Materials with Antimicrobial Activity: From Synthesis to
d Applications
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ubli 12: Poly(lactic acid) Science and Technology: Processing, Properties,
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Additives and Applications
13: Cationic Polymers in Regenerative Medicine
14: Electrospinning: Principles, Practice and Possibilities
15: Glycopolymer Code: Synthesis of Glycopolymers and their Applications
16: Hyperbranched Polymers: Macromolecules in- between Deterministic
Linear Chains and Dendrimer Structures
17: Polymer Photovoltaics: Materials, Physics, and Device Engineering
18: Electrical Memory Materials and Devices
19: Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization: From Fundamentals to Applications
in Materials Science
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20: Polymers for Personal Care Products and Cosmetics
21: Semiconducting Polymers: Controlled Synthesis and Microstructure
22: Bio- inspired Polymers
23: Fluorinated Polymers: Volume 1: Synthesis, Properties, Processing and
Simulation
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00 24: Fluorinated Polymers: Volume 2: Applications
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9-F 25: Miktoarm Star Polymers: From Basics of Branched Architecture to
76 Synthesis, Self- assembly and Applications
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01 26: Mechanochemistry in Materials
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78 27: Macromolecules Incorporating Transition Metals: Tackling Global
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78 Challenges
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9/ 28: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Analytical Chemistry Applications
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oi:1 30: Click Polymerization
g | d 31: Organic Catalysis for Polymerisation
or 32: Synthetic Polymer Chemistry: Innovations and Outlook
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Amphiphilic Polymer
Co- networks
1 Synthesis, Properties, Modelling and
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9- Applications
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03 Costas S. Patrickios
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10. University­of­Cyprus,­Cyprus
doi: Email: [email protected]
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78 Polymer Chemistry Series No. 33
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9/9 Print ISBN: 978-1 - 78801- 370- 3
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oi: Print ISSN: 2044- 0790
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p © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020
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F Foreword
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0 A Brief Historical Note
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oi: The polymer science community will much appreciate Costas Patrickios's
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g | efforts spending time and energy editing this book on amphiphilic
or co- networks (APCNs). I for one am sure that this volume will teach me a
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s.r great deal about this subject.
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u I feel privileged having been asked to provide a foreword and thought that
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s:// a brief personal note on the early history of APCNs, specifically, a few words
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o ence, would be of interest to workers in the field.
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02 Interest in APCNs started to grow rapidly after it became clear that these
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pril unique networks offer solutions for needs no other materials can satisfy. In
A addition, research on APCNs is intellectually challenging particularly for sci-
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on 2 entists engaged in the design and synthesis of novel polymers with unique
d combinations of properties for the benefit of society.
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sh For me, the road to APCNs led via the bioartificial pancreas. Very briefly: we
ubli hypothesized that, in order to cure diabetes, we needed to implant into dia-
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betic patients porcine (pig) insulin- producing β- cells protected against the
human immune system (specifically, γ- immunoglobulin) by membranes that
allow the simultaneous in-a nd- out permeation of glucose, insulin, oxygen
and metabolic wastes, including carbon dioxide.1 Beyond these key require-
ments, immunoprotecting membranes had to be biocompatible and bio-
stable, had to have controllable pore sizes, be appropriately strong, elastic,
processible, sterilisable, and, of course, reasonably priced. Our main objec-
tive was to design a biologically suitable amphiphilic membrane transpar-
ent to both hydrophilic (glucose, insulin) and hydrophobic (oxygen, carbon
dioxide) molecules. Thus, our task was to synthesise a container, a ‘tea bag’,

Polymer Chemistry Series No. 33
Amphiphilic Polymer Co- networks: Synthesis, Properties, Modelling and Applications
Edited by Costas S. Patrickios
© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
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viii Foreword
enveloping (immunoprotecting) a sufficient number of pancreatic β- cells by
a thin membrane combining these key requirements. After years of experi-
mentation, we perfected a functioning membrane consisting of covalently
connected hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, i.e., an APCN, that did the
job. By implanting this device into a pancreatectomised dog, we were able to
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00 keep it alive with our implanted artificial pancreas containing pig β- cells for
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9-F a couple of weeks.1,2
76 Over the course of these investigations, we learned a lot about APCNs and
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01 our research led to many scientific articles and patents.3 Among other things,
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78 we became aware of the fascinating and well- established field of contact
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78 lens literature. It became clear to us that most extended-w ear contact lens
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9/ researchers were, in fact, APCN researchers. Indeed, the vast contact lens
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1 technology is a true fountainhead of APCN science and technology.
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oi:1 In 2005, I felt the field of APCNs, particularly the intricacies of making
g | d APCNs, needed a comprehensive critical review. Jointly, with one of my tal-
or ented co-w orkers, Gabor Erdodi, we organised the scientific and patent liter-
c.
s ature of synthetic methodologies, and argued to adopt the terminology for
bs.r APCNs first proposed by Iván. And we offered a definition of APCNs:4
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s:// Amphiphilic co- networks are two- component networks of covalently intercon-
p
htt nected hydrophilic/hydrophobic (HI/HO) phases of co- continuous morphology; as
n such they swell both in water and hydrocarbons, and respond to changes in the
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20 medium by morphological isomerisation (‘smart’ networks).
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April 2 tecItnu trhe eo fc oAuPrCsNe so wf tahsi cs ownocrekiv, ewde j buestc aamboeu at wthaer es athmaet ttihme ed ienfi Gneinrmg maniyc raonadrc thhie-
23 U.S. Figure 1 reproduces the sketches published by Weber and Stadler5 and
on Kennedy et al.6 some 30 years ago. It is quite apparent that the fundamen-
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he tal message of these sketches, conceived an ocean apart, almost simultane-
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bli ously, is in fact the same: APCNs are networks consisting of co- continuous
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Figure 1 APCN sketches by Weber and Stadler5 (left) and Kennedy et al.6 (right)
drawn in 1988. Left reproduced from ref. 5 with permission from Elsevier,
Copyright 1988. Right reproduced from ref. 6 with permission from
Taylor and Francis, Copyright 1988.
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Foreword ix
hydrophilic–hydrophobic domains that allow the simultaneous permeation
of hydrophilic and hydrophobic species.
Most regrettably Stadler died not much after the publication of this semi-
nal paper but research on APCNs was uninterruptedly continued in the U.S.
Investigations during this early period were mainly driven by research and
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00 development on extended-w ear contact lenses and the bioartificial pancreas.
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9-F Figure 2 was published during the turn of the century to help visualise
76 solvent mediated morphological isomerisation of APCNs, a defining feature
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01 of these ‘smart’ materials.4 The cube in the centre of the figure depicts an
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78 APCN in the dry state emphasising its bi- continuous morphology. The top
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78 sketch shows swelling of an APCN immersed in a medium solubilising both
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9/ the HI and HO network constituents. The sketches at the bottom of the fig-
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1 ure show morphological changes (isomerisations) that occur when an APCN
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oi:1 is immersed in a HI (water) or HO (hydrocarbon) solvent: depending on the
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Figure 2 Sketches of the micromorphology of an APCN (centre), and changes
caused by amphiphilic (common), HI, and HO solvents (morphological
isomerisation, see text). Reproduced from ref. 4 with permission from
Elsevier, Copyright 2006.
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x Foreword
philicity of the medium, one of the phases swells while the other stays col-
lapsed. Importantly, co- continuity is preserved in either solvent and macro-
scopic phase separation cannot occur due to the covalent bonds connecting
the phases. These morphological changes are reversible (indicated by equi-
librium signs).
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00 Thus, APCNs are close relatives of hydrogels; in fact, these materials are
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9-F often called ‘siloxane hydrogels’ in the soft contact lens literature.
76 The individual chapters in this volume provide an excellent bird's eye view
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01 of the present status of APCNs and hold clues as to the future of this science
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78 and technology.
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9 Joseph P. Kennedy
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03 Polymer Science Department
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0. The University of Akron, Ohio, USA
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oi: [email protected]
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c.
s.rs References
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s://p 1. G. Erdodi, J. Kang, B. Yalcin, M. Cakmak, K. S. Rosenthal, S. Grundfest-
http Broniatowski and J. P. Kennedy, Biomed. Microdevices, 2009, 11, 297.
n 2. S. F. Grundfest- Broniatowski, G. Tellioglu, K. S. Rosenthal, J. Kang,
o
0 G. Erdodi, B. Yalcin, M. Cakmak, J. Drazba, A. Bennett, L. Lu and J. P.
2
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2 Kennedy, ASAIO J., 2009, 55, 400–405.
pril 3. See P. Kurian, B. Kashiblata, J. Daum, C. A. Burns, M. Moosa, K. S.
A
3 Rosenthal and J. P. Kennedy, Part XXI of the series “Amphiphilic Networks”,
2
on Biomaterials, 2003, 24, 3493–3503, and earlier publications in this series.
d
e 4. G. Erdodi and J. P. Kennedy, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2006, 31, 1–18.
h
s
bli 5. M. Weber and R. Stadler, Polymer, 1988, 29, 1064–1070.
u
P 6. D. Chen, J. P. Kennedy and A. J. Allen, J. Macromol. Sci., Chem., 1988, A25,
389–401.