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Amphibian Declines - The Conservation Status of US Species - M. Lannoo (Berkeley, 2005) WW PDF

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AMPHIBIAN DECLINES AMPHIBIAN DECLINES THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF UNITED STATES SPECIES Edited by MICHAEL LANNOO Berkeley Los Angeles London UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS University of California Press Berkeley and Loss Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2005 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species / edited by Michael Lannoo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-520-23592-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Amphibian declines. 2. Amphibian declines—United States. I. Lannoo, Michael QL644.7.A48 2005 333.95’78—dc22 2004015272 Printed in Canada 10 09 08 07 06 05 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper). We dedicate this effort to David Wake, George Rabb, and Whit Gibbons, around whose energy and insight and influence we in amphibian conservation have gathered. The story of how Dave saw the pattern in the early scattered reports of amphibian declines, organized herpetologists, and helped to create the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force is part of our folklore. We continue to rely on his wisdom and guidance. George, who furiously works both in front of and behind the scenes, is truly one of the great conservation biologists of our time. Whit’s kind and infectious enthusiasm mobilizes both scientists and lay people alike. They are the giants upon whose shoulders we now stand. We also dedicate this effort to the memories of two great mentors from an earlier generation, who passed when this book was in its early stages: Sherman Minton, Jr. (1920–1999), whose last published paper is included here; and Richard V. Bovbjerg (1919–1999), who in 1964 was one of the first scientists to speak to the issue of amphibian conservation. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX ADVISORY BOARD XI CONTRIBUTORS XIII PREFACE XIX Michael Lannoo PART ONE Conservation Essays 1 I NTR O D U CTI O N 2 1 Diverse Phenomena Influencing Amphibian Population Declines 3 Tim Halliday 2 Why Are Some Species in Decline but Others Not? 7 Martha L. Crump 3 Philosophy, Value Judgments, and Declining Amphibians 10 Sarah Aucoin, Robert G. Jaeger, and Steve Giambrone 4 Embracing Human Diversity in Conservation 15 Whit Gibbons 5 Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force 17 W. Ronald Heyer and James B. Murphy D E C LI N E S 22 6 Meeting the Challenge of Amphibian Declines with an Interdisciplinary Research Program 23 James P. Collins, Nicholas Cohen, Elizabeth W. Davidson, Joyce E. Longcore, and Andrew Storfer 7 Biology of Amphibian Declines David M. Green 28 8 Declines of Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Plethodon) 34 Richard Highton 9 Decline of Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans) 47 Robert H. Gray and Lauren E. Brown 10 Overwintering in Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans) 55 Jason T. Irwin CAU S E S 59 11 Repercussions of Global Change 60 Jamie K. Reaser and Andrew Blaustein 12 Lessons from Europe 64 K. Henle (Translation by William T. Leja) 13 Risk Factors and Declines in Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans) 75 Val R. Beasley, Sandra A. Faeh, Brigit Wikoff, Craig Staehle, Joyce Eisold, Donald Nichols, Rebecca Cole, Anna M. Schotthoefer, Martin Greenwell, and Lauren E. Brown 14 Ultraviolet Radiation 87 Andrew R. Blaustein and Lisa K. Belden 15 Xenobiotics 89 Christine M. Bridges and Raymond D. Semlitsch 16 Variation in Pesticide Tolerance 93 Christine M. Bridges and Raymond D. Semlitsch 17 Lucké Renal Adenocarcinoma 96 Robert G. McKinnell and Debra L. Carlson 18 Malformed Frogs in Minnesota: History and Interspecific Differences 103 David M. Hoppe 19 Parasites of North American Frogs 109 Daniel Sutherland 20 Parasite Infection and Limb Malformations: A Growing Problem in Amphibian Conservation 124 Pieter T.J. Johnson and Kevin B. Lunde VII 21 Pine Silviculture 139 D. Bruce Means 22 Commercial Trade 146 Anthony B. Wilson C O N S E RVATI O N 149 23 Houston Toads and Texas Politics 150 Lauren E. Brown and Ann Mesrobian 24 Amphibian Conservation Needs 168 Edward D. Koch and Charles R. Peterson 25 Amphibian Population Cycles and Long-Term Data Sets 177 Howard H. Whiteman and Scott A. Wissinger 26 Landscape Ecology 185 David E. Naugle, Kenneth F. Higgins, Rex R. Johnson, Tate D. Fischer, and Frank R. Quamen 27 Conservation of Texas Spring and Cave Salamanders (Eurycea) 193 Paul T. Chippindale and Andrew H. Price 28 Lessons from the Tropics 198 Karen R. Lips and Maureen A. Donnelly 29 Taxonomy and Amphibian Declines 206 Sherman A. Minton 30 Conservation Systematics: The Bufo boreas Species Group 210 Anna M. Goebel 31 Factors Limiting the Recovery of Boreal Toads (Bufo b. boreas) 222 Cynthia Carey, Paul Stephen Corn, Mark S. Jones, Lauren J. Livo, Erin Muths, and Charles W. Loeffler 32 Southwestern Desert Bufonids 237 Brian K. Sullivan 33 Amphibian Ecotoxicology 241 Raymond D. Semlitsch and Christine M. Bridges 34 Museum Collections 244 John W. Ferner, Jeffrey G. Davis, and Paul J. Krusling 35 Critical Areas 247 Hugh R. Quinn and Colleen Scott 36 Creating Habitat Reserves for Migratory Salamanders 260 Suzanne C. Fowle and Scott M. Melvin 37 Population Manipulations 265 C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr. 38 Exotic Species 271 Walter E. Meshaka, Jr. 39 Protecting Amphibians While Restoring Fish Populations 275 Debra Patla 40 Reflections Upon Amphibian Conservation 277 Thomas K. Pauley S U RVEYS AN D M O N ITO R I N G 282 41 Distribution of South Dakota Anurans 283 David E. Naugle, Tate D. Fischer, Kenneth F. Higgins, and Douglas C. Backlund 42 Nebraska’s Declining Amphibians 292 David S. McLeod 43 Museum Collections Can Assess Population Trends 295 Jeff Boundy 44 Monitoring Salamander Populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park 300 Erin J. Hyde and Theodore R. Simons 45 North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP) 307 Linda A. Weir and Michael J. Mossman 46 Evaluating Calling Surveys 314 Sam Droege and Paige Eagle 47 Geographical Information Systems and Survey Designs 320 Charles R. Peterson, Stephen R. Burton, and Debra A. Patla 48 Impacts of Forest Management on Amphibians 326 Rochelle B. Renken 49 Monitoring Pigment Pattern Morphs of Northern Leopard Frogs 328 Robert G. McKinnell, David M. Hoppe, and Beverly K. McKinnell E D U CATI O N 338 50 The National Amphibian Conservation Center 339 Andrew T. Snider and Elizabeth Arbaugh 51 A Thousand Friends of Frogs: Its Origins 341 Tony P. Murphy A P E R S P E CTIVE 343 52 Of Men and Deformed Frogs: A Journalist’s Lament 344 William Souder PART TWO Species Accounts 349 Introduction 351 Michael Lannoo, Alisa L. Gallant, Priya Nanjappa, Laura Blackburn and Russell Hendricks AN U RA 381 Ascaphidae 382 Bufonidae 384 Dendrobatidae 440 Hylidae 441 Leptodactylidae 491 Microhylidae 501 Pelobatidae 508 Pipidae 522 Ranidae 526 Rhinophrynidae 599 CAU DATA 601 Ambystomatidae 602 Amphiumidae 642 Cryptobranchidae 648 Dicamptodontidae 651 Plethodontidae 656 Proteidae 866 Rhyacotritonidae 874 Salamandridae 884 Sirenidae 908 FACTORS IMPLICATED IN AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES IN THE UNITED STATES 915 David F. Bradford CONCLUSION 926 Michael Lannoo LITERATURE CITED 927 INDEX 1077 VIII CONTENTS This work truly represents an effort from the community of United States herpetologists, and I thank each and every one of the 215 contributors to this volume for their efforts, for work- ing with me, and for sharing my views on the necessity and ur- gency of this effort. I am humbled. I also thank a subset of these workers, my Advisory Board, for the guidance and perspective they have offered. Thanks also to Norm Scott, Ronn Altig, and Erin E. Clark for their constructive comments on an earlier draft and to Floyd Scott for tracking down citations. Many other herpetologists have assisted, including Kraig Adler, James Andrews, Tom Anton, Richard Baker, Val Beasley, Robert Bezy, Sean Bloomquist, James Bogart, Alvin Breisch, Janalee Caldwell, Cynthia Carey, Isaac Chellman, James Collins, Joseph Collins, Jeffrey Davis, Phillip deMaynadier, Katie Distler, James Dixon, Sara E. Faust, John Ferner, Suzanne Fowle, Lindsay D. Funk, Alisa Gallant, Carl Gerhardt, Harry Green, Dave Golden, Robert H. Goodman Jr., Tim Halliday, Dan Helsel, Laura Herbeck, Richard Highton, Julia Holloway, David Hoppe, Arthur C. Hulse, Erin Hyde, John Iverson, Robert Jaeger, Tom R. Johnson, John Jones, Robin E. Jung, Daryl Karns, Robert Klaver, Jon Klingel, Ted Koch, Ken Lang, William Leonard, Lau- ren J. Livo, Timothy Maret, Bryce A. Maxell, Kelly McAllister, Roy McDiarmid, Sherman A. Minton, David J. Morafka, John Moriarty, Stephen Morreale, David Morris, Michael Mossman, Robert W. Murphy, David Naugle, Holly Niederriter, George Oliver, Deanna Olson, Stanley Orchard, Joseph H.K. Pech- mann, Stephen A. Perrill, Charles Peterson, James Petranka, Tom Pluto, Andrew H. Price, John O. Reiss, Alan Resetar, Alan Savitzky, Greg Schneider, A. Floyd Scott, Stan Sessions, Doug Siegel, Melody Stoneham, Bruce Taubert, Howard Whiteman, Jill A. Wicknick, David Withers, and Richard Wassersug. I thank Jim Petranka for his fine book, and the organizers and the nu- merous contributors of the Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles—you have made a portion of our job much easier. This project has been supported by funding provided by the following agencies or organizations: National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund; Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (PARC); USGS National Mapping Division; USGS EROS Data Center; Office of the Provost (Warren Vander Hill) and Faculty Publications Com- mittee (Ione DeOllos), Ball State University; Office of Academic Research and Sponsored Programs ( James Pyle, Kristi Koriath), Ball State University; Virginia Herpetological Society; City of Elkhart (Indiana) Environmental Science Center; and Linn County (Iowa) Environmental Council. I am grateful. I am also grateful for the following technical support I have received from the staff at Ball State University: Contracts and Grants Of- fice (Sharon Armbrust, Sharon Harris) and Library Services ( Jan Vance). The research in this volume was supported by an array of federal (e.g., The National Science Foundation and the USGS’s Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative), state, and pri- vate organizations. The authors acknowledge and are grateful for this support. Similarly, the authors acknowledge and thank the many people that contributed their unpublished observa- tions, local knowledge, and critical comments. This project could not have been done without the talents and dedication of my team: Priya Nanjappa, Laura Blackburn, Laura Guderyahn, Donna Helfst, Molly Schaller, Jason Hall, Marti Tiedeman, Chris Lawhorn, and Susan Johnson Lannoo. Thanks to you all. And finally, a special thanks to Dick and Debby Baker, Gary Casper, Bob Cruden, Bill Cummings, Joe Eastman, Alisa Gallant, Ken Lang, Susie Lannoo, Barb Mendenhall, Hank Miguel, Ole Oldefest, Jane Shuttleworth, Bill Souder, Dan Suther- land, Arnold van der Valk, and Judy and Mark Wehrspann—each a biologist in their own way. They have learned, independent of each other, that the necessity to live life is at least as important as the drive to study life; and that’s why we are friends. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX

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