America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition PDF
Preview America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition
America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition Committee on America’s Energy Future Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Grant Number DEFG02-07- ER-15923 and by BP America, Dow Chemical Company Foundation, Fred Kavli and the Kavli Foun- dation, GE Energy, General Motors Corporation, Intel Corporation, and the W.M. Keck Foundation. Support was also provided by the Presidents’ Circle Communications Initiative of the National Acad- emies and by the National Academy of Sciences through the following endowed funds created to per- petually support the work of the National Research Council: Thomas Lincoln Casey Fund, Arthur L. Day Fund, W.K. Kellogg Foundation Fund, George and Cynthia Mitchell Endowment for Sustainability Science, and Frank Press Fund for Dissemination and Outreach. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data America’s energy future : technology and transformation / Committee on America’s Energy Future, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and National Research Council of the National Academies. — Summary ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-309-14145-1 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-309-14146-8 (PDF) 1. Power resources—United States. 2. Energy policy—United States. 3. Energy conservation. I. National Academy of Engineering. Committee on America’s Energy Future. TJ163.25.U6A4642 2009 333.790973—dc22 2009029733 Copies of this report, and of the complete edition of America’s Energy Future: Technology and Trans- formation, from which this Summary Edition is drawn, are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2009 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled stock Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distin- guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy mat- ters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal gov- ernment and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of further- ing knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general poli- cies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition COMMITTEE ON AMERICA’S ENERgy FuTuRE HAROLD T. SHAPIRO (Chair), Princeton University MARK S. WRIGHTON (Vice Chair), Washington University in St. Louis JOHN F. AHEARNE, Sigma Xi and Duke University ALLEN J. BARD, University of Texas at Austin JAN BEYEA, Consulting in the Public Interest WILLIAM F. BRINKMAN, Princeton University DOUGLAS M. CHAPIN, MPR Associates 1 STEVEN CHU, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory CHRISTINE A. EHLIG-ECONOMIDES, Texas A&M University ROBERT W. FRI, Resources for the Future CHARLES H. GOODMAN, Southern Company (retired) JOHN B. HEYWOOD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology LESTER B. LAVE, Carnegie Mellon University JAMES J. MARKOWSKY, American Electric Power Service Corp. (retired) RICHARD A. MESERVE, Carnegie Institution for Science WARREN F. MILLER, JR.,Texas A&M University FRANKLIN M. (“LYNN”) ORR, JR., Stanford University LAWRENCE T. PAPAY, PQR LLC ARISTIDES A.N. PATRINOS, Synthetic Genomics, Inc. MICHAEL P. RAMAGE, ExxonMobil (retired) MAXINE L. SAVITZ, Honeywell, Inc. (retired) ROBERT H. SOCOLOW, Princeton University JAMES L. SWEENEY, Stanford University G. DAVID TILMAN, University of Minnesota, St. Paul C. MICHAEL WALTON, University of Texas at Austin Consultants PETER BIERMAYER, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory SAM BORGESON, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ANJAN BOSE, Washington State University RICH BROWN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory STEVE DUNN, Southwest Energy Efficiency Project 1 Resigned from the committee on January 21, 2009. iv Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition ADRIAN A. FAY, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SAMUEL FLEMING, Claremont Canyon Consultants MARK FRANKEL, New Buildings Institute JIM HARDING, Independent Consultant, Olympia, Washington JASON HILL, University of Minnesota, St. Paul NARAIN HINGORANI, Independent Consultant, Los Altos Hills, California MAURICIO JUSTINIANO, Energetics, Inc. JON KOOMEY, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory SHELDON KRAMER, Independent Consultant, Grayslake, Illinois THOMAS KREUTZ, Princeton University ERIC LARSON, Princeton University NANCY MARGOLIS, Energetics, Inc. ALAN MEIER, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory MIKE MESSENGER, Itron, Inc. STEVE SELKOWITZ, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory CHRISTOPHER WEBER, Carnegie Mellon University ROBERT WILLIAMS, Princeton University America’s Energy Future Project Director PETER D. BLAIR, Executive Director, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences America’s Energy Future Project Manager JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Director, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES) Project Staff KEVIN D. CROWLEY (Study Director), Director, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (NRSB) DANA G. CAINES, Financial Manager, BEES SARAH C. CASE, Program Officer, NRSB ALAN T. CRANE, Senior Program Officer, BEES GREG EYRING, Senior Program Officer, Air Force Studies Board K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Officer, BEES LaNITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator, BEES STEVEN MARCUS, Editorial Consultant THOMAS R. MENZIES, Senior Program Officer, Transportation Research Board EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Senior Program Officer, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources MADELINE G. WOODRUFF, Senior Program Officer, BEES E. JONATHAN YANGER, Senior Program Assistant, BEES v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition Foreword nergy, which has always played a critical role in our country’s national security, economic prosperity, and environmental quality, has over the last Etwo years been pushed to the forefront of national attention as a result of several factors: • W orld demand for energy has increased steadily, especially in develop- ing nations. China, for example, saw an extended period (prior to the current worldwide economic recession) of double-digit annual increases in economic growth and energy consumption. • A bout 56 percent of the U.S. demand for oil is now met by depending on imports supplied by foreign sources, up from 40 percent in 1990. • T he long-term reliability of traditional sources of energy, especially oil, remains uncertain in the face of political instability and limitations on resources. • C oncerns are mounting about global climate change—a result, in large measure, of the fossil-fuel combustion that currently provides most of the world’s energy. • T he volatility of energy prices has been unprecedented, climbing in mid- 2008 to record levels and then dropping precipitously—in only a matter of months—in late 2008. • T oday, investments in the energy infrastructure and its needed technolo- gies are modest, many alternative energy sources are receiving insuffi- cient attention, and the nation’s energy supply and distribution systems are increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters and acts of terrorism. vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition viii Foreword All of these factors are affected to a great degree by the policies of govern- ment, both here and abroad, but even with the most enlightened policies the over- all energy enterprise, like a massive ship, will be slow to change course. Its com- plex mix of scientific, technical, economic, social, and political elements means that the necessary transformational change in how we generate, supply, distribute, and use energy will be an immense undertaking, requiring decades to complete. To stimulate and inform a constructive national dialogue about our energy future, the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engi- neering initiated a major study in 2007, “America’s Energy Future: Technology Opportunities, Risks, and Tradeoffs.” The America’s Energy Future (AEF) project was initiated in anticipation of major legislative interest in energy policy in the U.S. Congress and, as the effort proceeded, it was endorsed by Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Chair Jeff Bingaman and former Ranking Member Pete Domenici. The AEF project evaluates current contributions and the likely future impacts, including estimated costs, of existing and new energy technologies. It was planned to serve as a foundation for subsequent policy studies, at the Academies and elsewhere, that will focus on energy research and development priorities, stra- tegic energy technology development, and policy analysis. The AEF project has produced a series of five reports, plus this Summary Edition, designed to inform key decisions as the nation begins a comprehensive examination of energy policy issues this year. Numerous studies conducted by diverse organizations have benefited the project, but many of those studies dis- agree about the potential of specific technologies, particularly those involving alternative sources of energy such as biomass, renewable resources for generation of electric power, advanced processes for generation from coal, and nuclear power. A key objective of the AEF series of reports is thus to help resolve conflicting analyses and to facilitate the charting of a new direction in the nation’s energy enterprise. The AEF project, outlined in Appendix C, included a study committee and three panels that together have produced an extensive analysis of energy technol- ogy options for consideration in an ongoing national dialogue. A milestone in the project was the March 2008 “National Academies Summit on America’s Energy Future” at which principals of related recent studies provided input to the AEF study committee and helped to inform the panels’ deliberations. A report chroni- cling the event, The National Academies Summit on America’s Energy Future: Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. America's Energy Future: Technology and Transformation: Summary Edition Foreword ix Summary of a Meeting (Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press), was published in October 2008. The AEF project was generously supported by the W.M. Keck Foundation, Fred Kavli and the Kavli Foundation, Intel Corporation, Dow Chemical Com- pany Foundation, General Motors Corporation, GE Energy, BP America, the U.S. Department of Energy, and our own Academies. Ralph J. Cicerone, President Charles M. Vest, President National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Chair, National Research Council Vice Chair, National Research Council Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
The list of books you might like
