AMCP 706-188, Military Pyrotechnics - Design of Ammunition for Pyrotechnics Effects

302 Pages·2016·26.6 MB·English

AMC PAMPHLET AM CP 706-188
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
MILITARY PYROTECHNICS SERIES
PART FO U R
DESIGN OF AMMUNITION FOR
PYROTECHNIC EFFECTS
HEADQUARTERS, US ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND MARCH 1974
CORRECTED
COPY

AMCP 706-188
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY •
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND
5001 Eisenhower Avs} A lexandria YA 22204
AMC PAMPHLET
NO. 706-188 March 1974
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK
MILITARY PYROTECHNICS SERIES
PART FOUR, DESIGN OF AMMUNITION FOR
PYROTECHNIC EFFECTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
LIST OE 1LLUSTRATIONS .......................... . xii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................... . xvii
LIST OF SYMBOl S ......................................... . xix
PREFACE ........................................................ . xxvi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
l-l Scope .............................................................. i-i
1-2 Purpose.............................................................. . i -i
1-3 Role of Pyrotechnic Ammunition................... . i -i
CHAPTER 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES
SECTION 1. VISIBLE AND NONV1SIBLE RADIATION
2 I Illumination Properties........................................ 2 1
2—1.1 Intensity......................................................... 2—1
2—1.2 Brightness......................................................... 2-2
2 1.3 Surface Illumination..................................... 2 • 2
2' 1.4 Contrast ............................................................ 2-2
2-2 Spectral Distribution............................................ 2—4
2—2.1 Discrete Spectra .............................................. 2—4
2 2.2 Continuous Spectra......................................... 7 5
2—2.3 Color Effect:..................................................... 2—5
2—3 Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation ...................... 2—7
2—4 Transmission of Light.......................................... 2-9
2-4.1 Reflection........................... 2-9
2-4.2 Absorption ....................................................... 2-9
2—4.3 Attenuation.................................................. 2—10
SECTION II. HEAT
2—5 Thermal Properties . . . 2-10
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
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2—5.[ Quantity of Heat.............................................. 2—10
2 5.2 Temperature..................................................... 2-10
2 5.3 Heat Capacity................................... 2-11
2-5.4 Phase Changes................................................... 2-11
2—5.5 Heats of Reaction ............................................ 2—11
2—6 Transfer of HeatE nergy ....................................... 2—11
2-6. i Conduction...................................................... 2— IE
2—6.2 Convection ....................................................... 2—12
2—6.3 Radiation ......................................................... 2-13
SECTION HI. SOUND
2—7 Intensity.............................................................. 2-14
2 -8 Wavelength ........................ 2—14
2—9 Effect of theM edium ........................................... 2—15
References ................ 2—17
CHAPTER 3 PYROTECHNIC TERMINAL EFFECTS
SECTION 1. VISIBLE LIGHT
3 I Illumination........................................................... 3— I
3- l.l Requirements ................................................... 3 — 1
3—1.2 Effect of Field Conditions ............................. 3-1
3 1.3 Effect of Flare Height and Intensity .............. 3-5
3 1.4 Multiple SourceI llumination ........................ 3—7
3 1.5 Flare Location................................................... 3-9
3 1,6 Estimates of Flare Size...................................... 3 9
3 1.7 Typical Illuminating Candles ....................................... 3-11
3-2 Signaling, Marking, and Warning............................. 3 — 12
3-2.1 Types of Device .............................................. 3-12
3 -2.2 Visibility Considerations.................................. 3—14
3-2.3 Height Considerations..................................... 3-15
3—2.4 Typical Devices................................................ 3-16
3 3 Tracking .................................................... 3 — 17
3 4 Photography .............................................................. 3 — 18
3—4.1 General.......................................................... . 3—18
3—4.2 Sensitive Films ................................................. 3—18
3 -4.3 Light Source Requirements............................ 3-19
3-4.4 Synchronization ............................................... 3-20
3—5 Simulation 3—21
SECTION II. NONV1SIBLE LIGHT
3-6 IR Radiation......................................................... 3-21
3 -6.) General................................................ 3-21
3 6.2 Considerations for IR Pyrotechnic Devices . . 3-22
AMCP 706-188
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
Paragraph Page
3-6.3 1R Targets.............................................■ . 3-22
3-7 Tracking ........................................................... . 3-22
3-8 Photography ...................................................... . 3-23
3-8.1 General .......................................................... . 3-23
3-8.2 |R Films ......................................................... 3-23
3-8.3 Light Sources ................................................ 3-23
SECTION III. SMOKE
3—9 Marking, Signaling, and Warning................... 3-24
3—9.1 Physical Characteristics of Smoke.............. 3-24
3-9.) .1 Particle Size............................................. 3-24
3-9.1.2 Visibility......................................!____ 3-25
3-9.1.3 Colored Smokes .................................... 3-27
3 9.1.4 Total Obscuring Power .......................... 3-28
3 9.2 Typical Devices........................................... 3-28
3-10 Tracking .......................................................... 3 3)
3—10.1 Use and Characteristics............................... 3-31
3 10.2 Tracking Devices......................................... 3-32
3 1 I Screening............................................. ... 3-33
3-11.1 Properties of Screening Smokes ............... 3- 33
3—11.2 Smoke Generation .................................... 3—35
3 -1 1.2.1 Oil Smokes ............................................. 3-35
3-11.2.2 Zinc Chloride Smokes............................. 3-36
3-11.2.3 White Phosphorus Smokes ............... 3-36
3—11.2.4 Liquid Smoke Agents ............................ 3-38
3- t 1.2.5 New Developments in Screening Smokes 3-40
3 12 Simulation ...................................................... 3-40
3 13 Riot Control................................................... 3-41
3—13.1 Smoke Generation .......................... 3 41
3 - I 3.2 Formation of Dispersed Phase......... 3-41
3-13.2.1 Condensation Process .................. 3-41
3 -13.2.2 Dispersion Process ............... 3-41
3-13.2.3 Combined Process ...................... 3-41
3-13.3 Devices ............................................. 3-42
SECTION JV. HEAT AND GAS
3-14 Igniters and Primers................ . . . 3-43
3— i4.1 Initiation ..................................... 3-43
3 14.1.1 The Initiation Process........... 3-43
3—14.1.2 Electric Initiators .................. 3-43
3—14.1.3 Mechanical Initiation ........... 3-44
3— 14.1.4 Input Requirements................ 3-44
3—14.2 Initiation of Pyrotechnic Delays 3-44
3-14.2.1 Vented Delays........................ 3—44
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
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3—14.2.2 Obturated Delays. .............................. 3-43
3-14.3 Igniters .................................................... 3 45
3-14.4 Ignition of Pyrotechnics Compared With
That of Solid Propellants................... 3-45
3-15 Incendiaries................................................... 3-46
3-15.1 Small Arms Incendiaries......................... 3-46
3-15.2 Incendiaries for Ground Application .. 3- 47
3-15.3 Special Incendiary Devices ..................... 3-48
3-16 Batteries .................................................. 3-50
3-16.1 Battery Types and Requirements............ 3-50
3-16.2 Thermal battery .................................. 3 -5 !
3 —17 Gas Actuated Devices . ............................ 3-52
3—17.1 Typical Devices...................................... 3-52
3—17.2 Method of Operation ............................. 3-S3
3—18 Gas Producing Devices................................ 3-53
SECTION V. FUZING AND TIMING
3 19 Fuzes ............................................. 3-56
3-19.1 Purpose of a Fuze........................ 3 -56
3—19.2 Timers for Fuzes................. . . 3-56
3-19.3 Environmental Sensors............. 3-57
3—19.3.1 The Arming Environment ... 3-57
3 19.3.2 The Functioning Environment ■■ -57
3-19.4 Input and Output........................ 5-57
3-20 Fuses ............................................... 3-58
3 21 Delays.............................................. 3-60
3—21.1 Space Limitations........................ 3-60
3 21.2 Vented Delays.......................... 3 60
3 21.3 Obturated Delays.......................... 3 61
3 21.4 Delay Compositions...................... 3-62
3—21.4.1 Black Powder .......................... 3-62
3—21.4.2 Gasiess Compositions .............. 3 62
3 21.5 System Design and Performance 3-63
SECTION VI. OTHER EFFECTS
3-22 Sound .............................................................. 3-64
3-22.1 Use of Sound-producing Pyrotechnics .. . . 3 - 65
3-22.1.1 Training of Troops and Observers......... 3-65
3 22.1 2 Decoy and Deception of Enemy Troops 3-66
3-22.1.3 Warning and Signaling............................ 3-67
3 22.1.4 Military Protocol.................................... 3 57
3-22.1.5 Sounding.................................................. 3-67
3 22.2 Blast Effect.................................................. 3 67
3—22.3 Whistle Effect ............................................. 3 - 67
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AMCP 706-188
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
Paragraph P.ige
3-23 Luminescence .................................................... 3-68
3-24 Ionization............................................................ 3-6 9
3-24.1 Creation of Artificial Comet Tail................... 3-6<?
3-24.2 Study of Interplanetary Magnetic Field
Lines............................................................ 3-69
3-24.3 Production of Artificial Electron Clouds . ... 3-70
3-24.4 Removal of Electrons from the Normal
Ionosphere .......................................... . . . 3-70
3-24.5 Production of Vaporized Metals .................... 3-70
3-25 Deslrucl Elements ............................................. 3-71
3—26 Weather Modification ......................................... 3 71
3-26.1 Techniques of Producing Nuclei .................. 3-71
3 ib.: Burning Agl Complex With a Fuel ............... 3-72
3-2h.3 Impregnated Wick Generator ........................ 3-73
3-26.4 Pyrotechnic Type Agl Generators ............. 3-73
3-27 Combination of Effects .................................... 3-74
References ........................................................ 3 74
CHAPTER 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
4- - I Introduction........................................................ 4 1
4-1.1 General........................................... ............. 4- 1
4 1.2 Ballistic Matching ......................................... 4- 2
SECTION I. DELIVERY MODES AND
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
4- 2 Delivery Modes................................................... 4 2
4-2.1 1 ubes .............................................................. 4 2
4-2.1.1 Mortar.......................................................... 4 2
4 2.1.2 Recoilless Rifle ........................................... 4 2
4-2.1.3 Gun and Howitzer ..................................... 4 3
4- 2.1.4 Small Arms................................................. 4 4
4-2.2 Launchers........................................................ 4-4
4-2.2.1 Rocket.......................................................... 4-4
4—2.2.2 Other .......................................................... 4 4
4-2.3 Aircraft Launched .......................... . . . ■ ! o
4-2.3.1 Bomb Release............................................. 4- (>
4-2.3.2 Aerodynamic Heating .............................. 4 7
4 2.3.3 Characteristics of Pyrotechnic Devices . . 4 -8
4-2.4 Other Delivery Modes . . .............................. 4 -8
4-2.4.1 Ejector.......................................................... 4 8
4 2.4.2 Submarine Launched ................................ 4-8
4-2.4.3 Manual........................................................ 4 9
4 - 3 Design Constraints ............................................. 4 9
4-3.1 Performance Requirements............................ 4 9
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
Paragraph Page
4—3.1,1 Target and Terminal Ballistic Needs..................... 4—9
4—3.1.2 Environmental Aspects............................. 4—10
4—3.1.3 Acceleration ............................................... 4-11
4-3.1.4 Timing and Sequencing ............................. 4-12
4-3.2 Payload Configuration.................................... 4-13
4-3.2.1 Weight........................................................... 4-13
4-3.2.2 Size............................................................... 4 13
4 3.2.3 Geometry ..................................................... 4 13
4-3.3 Material Choices ............................................. 4-13
4-3.3.1 Compatibility .............................................. 4-13
4-33.2 Sealants ....................................................... 4-15
SECTION II. IGNITION AND BALLISTIC
CONSIDERATIONS
4—4 Ignition................................................................. 4-16
4-4.1 Ignition Train ................................................. 4 -16
4—4.2 Methods of Initiation ..................................... 4—16
4-5 Interior Ballistics.................................................. 4—17
4-5.1 General............................................................. 4-17
4-5,2 Setback Forces ................................................ 4 -18
4-5.2.1 Setback in the Weapon ................................ 4 18
4-5.2.2 Effects of Acceleration on Delay
Elements.................................................. 4-19
4-5.3 Spin Forces ...................................................... 4-19
4-5.4 Combined Setback and Spin ........................... 4-20
4-5.5 Example of Design Procedures......................... 4-21
4—5.5.1 Bearing Stress Between Base Plug and
Projectile Body....................................... 4-22
4-5.5.2 Combined Stress in the Projectile Body . . 4-23
4-5.5.3 Force Required of the Ejection System
To Release the Base Plug . ....................... 4 24
4—5.6 Hydrodynamic Forces...................................... 4—25
4 5.7 Propellant Characteristics ............................... 4-25
4-5.7.1 Grain Composition..................... 4—26
4-5.7 2 Grain Size .......................................... 4 26
4-5.7.3 Grain Configuration................................... 4-26
4-5.7.4 Density of Loading...................................... 4-26
4-6 Exterior Ballistics ................................................ 4—27
4—6.1 General. 4-27
4-6.2 Trajectories....................................................... -r-27
4-6.3 Stability 4—29
4-6.4 Subprojectile Deployment .............................. 4-30
4-7 Terminal Ballistic Considerations......................... 4-31
4-7.1 Payload Deployment ................................. 4-31
4-7.1.1 Light Producing Payloads .............................. 4-31
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
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4—7.1.2 Smoke Producing Payloads......................... 4—33
4—7.1.3 Chemical Agent and Smoke Producing
Payloads ........................................... 4—33
4—7.2 Flotation........................................................... 4—33
4—8 Parachutes and Other Decelerators .................... 4—34
4—8.1 Parachutes ...................... 4—34
4—8.1.1 Parachute Types and Nomenclature............ 4—34
4-8.1.2 Drag................................................................ 4-36
4—8.1.3 Canopy Loading ........................................... 4—37
4—8.1.4 Canopy Size.................. 4—37
4—8.1.5 Variable Payload Weight .............................. 4—39
4-8.1.6 Stability ....................................................... 4-39
4—8.1.7 Peak Force Limitations................................ 4—40
4-8.1.8 Reefing.......................................................... 4—40
4—8.1.9 Deployment Techniques.............................. 4—40
4—8.1.10 Bulk and Weight ........................................... 4—42
4—8.1.1 I Typical Applications .................................. 4—42
4—8.2 Balloons ........................................................... 4—43
4—8.3 Rjgid Decelerators ........................................... 4-43
4— 8.4 Dynamic Decelerators...................................... 4-43
References , _...................................................... 4—45
CHAPTER 5. INSTRUMENTATION
5— 1 General................................................................ 5 — 1
5-2 Transducers and Detectors ................................. 5—1
5—2.1 General ............................................................. 5-1
5—2.2 Piezoelectric Transducers ............................... 5 — 1
5-2.3 Magnetoelectric Transducers ............... . 5—2
S-2.4 Photovoltaic Transducers................................. 5—2
5—2.5 Thermal Electric Transducers ......................... 5-2
5—2.6 Resistive Transducers ...................................... 5—2
5—2.6.1 Thermoresistive Transducers ..................... 5—3
5—2.6.2 Mechanovariable Resistive Transducers ... 5—3
5—2.6.3 Electrolytic Cells.......................................... 5—3
5—2.6.4 Photoresistive Cells...................................... 5—3
5—2.7 Variable Capacitance ...................................... 5-3
5—2.8 Variable Inductance.......................................... 5—4
5—2.9 Photoemission.................................................. 5-4
5-2.10 Photographic Techniques................................. 5—4
5—3 Light Detectors .................................................. 5—4
5—3.1 General Detectors of Light ................ 5—4
5—3.2 Thermal Detectors .......................................... 5—5
5—3.3 Photon Detectors.............................................. 5—6
5—3.4 Cell Construction.............................................. 5—7
5—3.5 Calibration ....................................................... 5_g
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.)
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5—4 Smoke Detectors.................................................. 5—8
5-5 Heat Detectors....................................................... 5-10
5-6 Pressure Transducers ......................................... 5—It
5—7 Sound Detectors .................................................. 5 II
5-8 Signal Conditioning and Recording.................... 5-13
5- 8.1 General Conditioning and Recording
Equipment ................................................. 5-13
5 -8.2 linage Converters.............................................. 5-16
5 -8.3 Meters............................................................... 5-lf)
5-8.4 Chart Recorders and Oscillographs................. 5 16
5-8.4.1 Light Beam Galvanometer and Photo­
sensitive Paper (Oscillograph) ............... 5 — 17
5—8.4.2 Electrodynamic Pen Motor Using Ink on
Ordinary ChartP aper .............................. 517
5 8.4.3 Electrodynamic Pen Motor Using
Temperature Sensitive Paper ............... 5—17
5 -8.4.4 Potentiometer Recorder ............................. 5-17
5-8.4.5 Sampling Recorder Using Electrosensitive
Paper ...................................................... 5-17
5 8.4.6 Magnetic Tape Recorder............................. 5-17
5 8.4.7 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ......................... 5-18
5-8.5 Time Measurement and Recording................. 5 18
5-9 Systems ................. 5 19
5-9.1 General Aspects of Systems............................. 5—19
5-9.2 Field Systems ................................................... 5-19
5- 9.3 Laboratory and Range Systems ...................... 5—20
References .......................................................... 5—20
CHAPTER 6. TESTING
6 I General Discussion .................. 6—1
6 - 1.1 The Testing Program ..................................... 6 — 1
6-1.2 Kinds of Tests................................................... 6—1
6 1.2.1 Development Tests...................................... 6-1
0-1.2.2 Evaluation Tests .......................................... 6 -4
6—1.2.3 Service Tests................................................. 6-4
6-1.2.4 Surveillance Tests ...................... 6-4
6-1.2.5 Malfunction Tests...................................... 6-4
6 1.2.6 NATO Tests................................................... 6-5
6—2 Light...................................................................... 6-5
6-2.1 General...................................................... 6-5
6-2.2 Laboratory Tests.............................................. 6 5
6-2.3 Field Tests .................................................... 6-7
6-2.4 Color Measurement.......................................... 6—8
6-3 Smoke.................................................................. 6—9
6—3.1 General ........................ 6-9