Alternative Energy in Power Electronics PDF
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Alternative Energy in Power Electronics Alternative Energy in Power Electronics Edited by Muhammad H. Rashid FellowIET(UK),LifeFellowIEEE(USA) DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering UniversityofWestFlorida USA AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2015ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinany formorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthe priorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartment inOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333;email: permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlinebyvisitingthe Elsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselectingObtainingpermissionto useElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofany methods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Alternativeenergyinpowerelectronics/[editedby]MuhammadH.Rashid. pagescm ISBN978-0-12-416714-8(pbk.) 1.Powerelectronics.I.Rashid,MuhammadH.(MuhammadHarunur),1945-editor. TK7881.15.A482015 (cid:2) 621.317–dc23 2014035517 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-416714-8 ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com Contributors NoradlinaAbdullahTransmissionandDistribution,TNBResearch,Malaysia Benjamin Blunier Universite de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort Cedex, France JuanM.CarrascoDepartmentofElectronicEngineering,EngineeringSchool,Seville University,Spain PabloA.CassaniPowerElectronicsandEnergyResearch(PEER)Group,P.D.Ziogas PowerElectronicsLaboratory,DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering, ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada LanaElChaarElectricalEngineeringDepartment,ThePetroleumInstitute,AbuDhabi, UAE H.DehboneiDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CurtinUniversityof Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia Eduardo Galván Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering School, Seville University,Spain Ir.ZahrulFaizibinHussienTransmissionandDistribution,TNBResearch,Malaysia S.M.IslamDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CurtinUniversityof Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia AlirezaKhalighElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofMary- landatCollegePark,CollegePark,MD,USA SrdjanLukicDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,NorthCarolinaState University,Raleigh,NC,USA S.K.Mazumder,Sr.DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,Laboratoryfor EnergyandSwitching-ElectronicsSystems(LESES),UniversityofIllinois,Chicago, IL,USA C.V.NayarDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CurtinUniversityof Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia OmerC.OnarPowerElectronicsandElectricMachineryGroup,NationalTransporta- tionResearchCenter,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,TN,USA Ramón Portillo Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering School, Seville University,Spain AzlanAbdulRahimTransmissionandDistribution,TNBResearch,Malaysia xi xii Contributors H. Sharma Research Institute for Sustainable Energy, Murdoch University, Perth, WesternAustralia,Australia K. Tan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia Sheldon S. Williamson Power Electronics and Energy Research (PEER) Group, P. D. Ziogas Power Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada Preface Electric power generated from renewable energy sources is getting increasing attention and supports for new initiatives and developments in order to meet theincreasedenergydemandsaroundtheworld.Theavailabilityofcomputer– based advanced control techniques along with the advancement in the high- powerprocessingcapabilitiesisopeningnewopportunityforthedevelopment, applicationsandmanagementofenergyandelectricpower.PowerElectronics isintegralpartofthepowerprocessinganddeliveryfromtheenergysourcesto theutilitysupplyandtheelectricityconsumers. Thedemandforenergy,particularlyinelectricalforms,isever-increasingin ordertoimprovethestandardofliving.Powerelectronicshelpswiththeefficient useofelectricity,therebyreducingpowerconsumption.Semiconductordevices are used as switches for power conversion or processing, as are solid state electronicsforefficientcontroloftheamountofpowerandenergyflow.Higher efficiencyandlowerlossesaresoughtfordevicesusedinarangeofapplications, frommicrowaveovenstohigh-voltagedctransmission.Newdevicesandpower electronic systems are now evolving for even more effectivecontrol of power andenergy. Power electronics has already found an important place in modern tech- nology and has revolutionized control of power and energy. As the voltage and current ratings and switching characteristics of power semiconductor de- vices keep improving, the range of applications continue to expand in areas, such as lamp controls, power supplies to motion control, factory automation, transportation, energy storage, multi-megawatt industrial drives, and electric powertransmission anddistribution.Thegreaterefficiencyandtighter control featuresofpowerelectronicsarebecomingattractiveforapplicationsinmotion controlbyreplacingtheearlier electromechanicalandelectronicsystems. Ap- plicationsinpowertransmissionandrenewableenergyincludehigh-voltagedc (VHDC)converterstations,flexibleactransmissionsystem(FACTS),staticvar compensators,andenergystorage.Inpowerdistribution,theseincludedc-to-ac conversion,dynamicfilters,frequencyconversion,andcustompowersystem. Audience: The purpose of Alternative Energy in Power Electronics is a derivative of the best-selling Power Electronics Handbook, Third Edition. The purpose of Alternative Energy in Power Electronics is to provide a reference that is both concise and useful for engineering students and practicing professionals. It xiii xiv Preface is designed to cover topics that relate to renewable energy processing and delivery.Itisdesignedasadvancedtextbooksandprofessionalreferences.The contributorsareleadingauthoritiesintheirareasofexpertise.Allwerechosen because of their intimate knowledge of their subjects, and their contributions makethisacomprehensivestate-of-the-artguidetotheexpandingfiledenergy ofenergy. MuhammadH.Rashid,Editor-in-Chief Anycommentsandsuggestionsregardingthisbookarewelcome.Theyshould besentto Dr.MuhammadH.Rashid Professor DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering UniversityofWestFlorida 11000UniversityParkwayPensacola. FL32514-5754,USA E-mail:[email protected] Web:http://uwf.edu/mrashid Chapter 1 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources C.V.Nayar,S.M.Islam,H.Dehbonei,andK.Tan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WesternAustralia,Australia H.Sharma ResearchInstituteforSustainableEnergy,MurdochUniversity,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia ChapterOutline 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2.5.1 Invertersfor 1.2 PowerElectronicsfor Grid- PhotovoltaicPowerSystems 3 connected 1.2.1 BasicsofPhotovoltaics 3 Applications 33 1.2.2 TypesofPVPower 1.2.5.2 Inverter Systems 6 Classifications 33 1.2.3 Stand-alonePVSystems 9 1.2.5.3 InverterTypes 34 1.2.3.1 BatteryCharging 9 1.2.5.4 PowerControl 1.2.3.2 Invertersfor throughPV Stand-alone Inverters 40 PVSystems 15 1.2.5.5 System 1.2.3.3 SolarWater Configurations 45 Pumping 18 1.2.5.6 Grid- 1.2.4 HybridEnergySystems 25 compatible 1.2.4.1 Series Inverters Configuration 26 Characteristics 47 1.2.4.2 Switched 1.3 PowerElectronicsforWind Configuration 27 PowerSystems 49 1.2.4.3 Parallel 1.3.1 BasicsofWindPower 51 Configuration 28 1.3.1.1 TypesofWind 1.2.4.4 Controlof Turbines 53 HybridEnergy 1.3.1.2 TypesofWind Systems 30 Generators 54 1.2.5 Grid-connectedPV 1.3.2 TypesofWindPower Systems 32 Systems 58 AlternativeEnergyinPowerElectronics Copyright©2011ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1 2 AlternativeEnergyinPowerElectronics 1.3.3 Stand-aloneWind 1.3.6.3 Discretely PowerSystems 58 Variable 1.3.3.1 Battery SpeedSystems 66 Chargingwith 1.3.6.4 Continuously Stand-alone Variable WindEnergy SpeedSystems 67 System 58 1.3.6.5 Typesof 1.3.3.2 WindTurbine Generator Charge Optionsfor Controller 58 Variable 1.3.4 Wind–dieselHybrid SpeedWind Systems 59 Turbines 1.3.5 Grid-connectedWind UsingPower EnergySystems 60 Electronics 70 1.3.5.1 SoftStarters 1.3.6.6 IsolatedGrid forInduction SupplySystem Generators 61 withMultiple 1.3.6 ControlofWindTurbines 62 WindTurbines 73 1.3.6.1 FixedSpeed 1.3.6.7 Power WindTurbines 62 Electronics 1.3.6.2 Variable Technology SpeedWind Development 74 Turbines 65 References 75 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Kyoto agreement on global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has prompted renewed interest in renewable energy systems worldwide. Many renewable energy technologies today are well developed, reliable, and cost competitivewiththeconventionalfuelgenerators.Thecostofrenewableenergy technologies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further as demand and production increases. There are many renewable energy sources (RES) such as biomass, solar, wind, mini hydroand tidal power. However, solar and windenergysystemsmakeuseofadvancedpowerelectronicstechnologiesand, thereforethefocusinthischapterwillbeonsolarphotovoltaicandwindpower. Oneoftheadvantagesofferedby(RES)istheirpotentialtoprovidesustain- ableelectricityinareasnotservedbytheconventionalpowergrid.Thegrowing marketforrenewableenergytechnologieshasresultedinarapidgrowthinthe needofpowerelectronics.Mostoftherenewableenergytechnologiesproduce DC power and hencepower electronicsand controlequipmentarerequiredto converttheDCintoACpower. Inverters are used to convert DC to AC. There are two types of inverters: (a) stand-alone or (b) grid-connected. Both types have several similarities but
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