Almonds: Botany, Production and Uses

514 Pages·2017·21.58 MB·English

by  Rafel Socias i Company

Almonds

Almonds
Botany, Production and Uses
Edited by
Rafel Socias i Company
Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
and
Thomas M. Gradziel
University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Socias i Company, R. (Rafel), editor. | Gradziel, T. (Thomas), editor.
Title: Almonds : botany, production and uses / edited by Rafel Socias i
Company and Thomas M. Gradziel.
Description: Boston, MA : CABI, [2017]
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002056 (print) | LCCN 2017008640 (ebook) | ISBN
9781780643540 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781780643557 (epdf) |
ISBN 9781786392633 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Almond.
Classification: LCC SB401.A65 A45 2017 (print) | LCC SB401.A65 (ebook) |
DDC 634/.55--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002056
ISBN: 978 1 78064 354 0 (hardback)
978 1 78064 355 7 (e-book)
978 1 78639 263 3 (e-pub)
Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell
Associate editor: Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editors: Lauren Povey/Alan Worth
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
Contents
About the Editors vii
Contributors ix
Preface xii
Dedications xiv
1 Taxonomy, Botany and Physiology 1
Rafel Socias i Company, José M. Ansón and María T. Espiau
2 History of Cultivation 43
Thomas M. Gradziel
3 Production and Growing Regions 70
Thomas M. Gradziel, Robert Curtis and Rafel Socias i Company
4 Almond in the Southern Hemisphere 87
Michelle Wirthensohn and Luis Iannamico
5 Classical Genetics and Breeding 111
Ignasi Batlle, Federico Dicenta, Rafel Socias i Company, Thomas M. Gradziel,
Michelle Wirthensohn, Henri Duval and Francisco J. Vargas
6 Molecular Breeding and Genomics 149
Carolina Font i Forcada, Raquel Sánchez-Pérez, Iban Eduardo, Shu-Biao Wu
and Ángel Fernández i Martí
7 Late-blooming Cultivar Development 168
Federico Dicenta, Raquel Sánchez-Pérez, Ignasi Batlle and Pedro Martínez-Gómez
8 Pollen–Style (In)compatibility: Development of Autogamous Cultivars 188
Rafel Socias i Company
9 Rootstock Development 209
María J. Rubio-Cabetas, Antonio J. Felipe and Gregory L. Reighard
v
vi Contents
10 Propagation Techniques 228
María J. Rubio-Cabetas, Antonio J. Felipe and Mireia Bordas
11 Orchard Management 240
Octavio Arquero and Katherine Jarvis-Shean
12 Environmental Requirements 254
José M. Alonso
13 Almond Water Requirements 279
David Doll
14 Almond Tree Nutrition 291
Saiful Muhammad, Sebastian Saa, Sat Darshan S. Khalsa,
Steve Weinbaum and Patrick Brown
15 Almond Diseases 321
Ana Palacio-Bielsa, Mariano Cambra, Carmen Martínez, Antonio Olmos,
Vicente Pallás, María M. López, James E. Adaskaveg, Helga Förster,
Miguel A. Cambra, Henri Duval and Daniel Esmenjaud
16 Almond Pests 375
Frank G. Zalom, Eva Núñez and Roger A. Baldwin
17 Almond Harvesting 406
José L. Espada Carbó and Joseph H. Connell
18 Chemical Composition of Almond Nuts 428
Ossama Kodad
19 World Almond Market 449
Ned T. Ryan
20 Processing and Industrialization 460
Alexis Verdú, Santiago Izquierdo and Rafel Socias i Company
Index 483
About the Editors
Rafel Socias i Company is Ingeniero Agrónomo (ETSIA Valencia, 1970), Diplomé en Horticulture
(IAM Zaragoza, 1972), Master of Science (University of California Davis, 1974) and Dr Ingeniero
Agrónomo (ETSIA Madrid, 1977).
His research has been focused mainly on almond pollination and breeding with the aim of ob-
taining self-compatible almond cultivars, with late-blooming time and kernels of high quality. He
also has been involved in almond rootstock breeding, in developing and maintaining fruit germplasm,
and fruit bibliography.
After collaborating with Dr Antonio J. Felipe in the release of ‘Guara’, his main releases have
been ‘Belona’ and ‘Soleta’ in 2005, ‘Mardía’ in 2007 and most recently ‘Vialfas’; he has also collab-
orated in the release of the rootstocks ‘Felinem’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Monegro’.
He has been a researcher at the Fruit Growing Department of the present day CITA of Aragón,
serving as its head between 1997 and 2013, and is now a Doctor ad honorem of that organization.
vii
viii About the Editors
Thomas M. Gradziel received a Master of Science degree in 1980 and a PhD degree in 1987, both
in plant breeding, from Cornell University. He is a professor and geneticist in the Department of Plant
Sciences, University of California at Davis, where his responsibilities include the genetic improve-
ment of almond and processing peach. This breeding programme is among the oldest and largest in
the world for these crops and has released numerous commercial varieties and rootstocks which are
widely planted in California and internationally. Almond releases include the varieties ‘Winters’,
‘Sweetheart’ and ‘Kester’ as well as the rootstock ‘Nickels’. He currently holds the L.D. Davis Profes-
sorship, which was established to promote the application of the appropriate biotechnologies to tree
crop improvement. Breeding methods employed in his programme include wild germplasm collec-
tion, characterization and introgression, epigenetic selection, intra- and inter-specific hybridization,
and marker-assisted selection and breeding.
Contributors
Adaskaveg, James E., Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California,
Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Alonso, José M., Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria
de Aragón, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
Ansón, José M., Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria
de Aragón, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
Arquero, Octavio, Centro Alameda del Obispo de Córdoba, Instituto de Investigación y Formación
Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain. E-mail: octavio.
[email protected]
Baldwin, Roger A., Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Batlle, Ignasi, Institut de Recerca i Teconologia Agroalimentàries, Mas de Bover, Ctra. de Reus El
Morell Km 3.8, 43120 Constantí, Tarragona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
Bordas, Mireia, Research Manager, Agromillora Catalana S.A., P/ Manuel Raventós 3–5, Sant
Sadurni d’Anoia, 08770 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
Brown, Patrick, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave.,
Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Cambra, Mariano (retired), Departamento de Virología, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología,
Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. de Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113
Moncada, Valencia, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
Cambra, Miguel A. (retired), Centro de Sanidad y Certificación Vegetal, Departamento de Desarrol-
lo Rural y Sostenibilidad, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain. E-mail: micambra8@
gmail.com
Connell, Joseph H., University of California Cooperative Extension, Butte County, 2279 Del Oro
Ave. Suite B, Oroville, CA 95973, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Curtis, Robert, Director, Agricultural Affairs, Almond Board of California, 1150 Ninth Street,
Suite 1500, Modesto, CA 95354, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Dicenta, Federico, Grupo de Mejora Genética de Frutales, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada
del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinado, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
E-mail: [email protected]
Doll, David A., Pomology Farm Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension, Merced
County, 2145 Wardrobe Ave., Merced, CA 95341, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
. ix