Algal Biorefineries: Volume 2: Products and Refinery Design

555 Pages·2015·6.61 MB·English

by  Aleš Prokop

Aleš Prokop · Rakesh K. Bajpai
Mark E. Zappi Editors
Algal
Biorefi neries
Volume 2: Products and Refi nery Design
Algal Biorefi neries

Aleš Prokop • Rakesh K. Bajpai • Mark E. Zappi
Editors
Algal Biorefi neries
Volume 2: Products and Refi nery Design
Editors
Aleš Prokop Rakesh K. Bajpai
Department of Chemical and Biological Department of Chemical Engineering
Engineering University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Vanderbilt University Lafayette , LA , USA
Nashville , TN , USA
Mark E. Zappi
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Lafayette , LA , USA
ISBN 978-3-319-20199-3 ISBN 978-3-319-20200-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20200-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948473
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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Editorial and Introd uction to Volume II
This volume is a continuation of the fi rst volume (Bajpai et al. 2014) and has two
parts. Consistent with the theme of volume 1, the different chapters in this volume
are intended to provide its readers with a wide perspective of current state of the art
as well as technical and economic issues in utilizing algae to capture energy and
carbon from renewable resources. Future chapters henceforth will focus on specifi c
issues related to biorefi nery operations.
The fi rst part deals with algae culturing and their optimization. The very fi rst
chapter sets the stage for systems biology approach to algal culture. Such approach,
particularly that of computational systems biology, may serve as the identifi cation of
gene targets for enhanced production of biofuel precursors. Models based on systems
biology should ensure the continued increase in biomass and production of fuel pre-
cursors from microalgal feedstock while it is expected to reduce the production cost
and allow biofuels to enter the market. The second chapter discusses the employment
of genetically modifi ed algae, the latter being set within the framework of issues
relevant to more general microbial systems. The next chapter by Perez- Garcia and
Bashan shows how heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation offers an alternative to
photoautotrophic cultivation as it provides more different products and an improve-
ment of the economic feasibility of microalgae-biorefi ned products as compared to
traditional autotrophic culture. The next four chapters review different culturing sce-
narios for autotrophic cultures. New designs are also introduced. Both open and
closed designs are considered here. The chapter by Koller provides a very compre-
hensive discussion of closed reactor systems useful for special conditions which
guarantee the algal culture protection against microbial contamination. Thin-layer
technology (previously reviewed by Doucha and Lívanský 2014) is gaining world-
wide use as it provides higher productivities and effi ciencies. Following is a chapter
by Revah and Morales on gas balance at algal phototrophic growth and how this can
be employed for culture control. The last two chapters of this part demonstrate new
products due to selenium and rare element accumulation. Selenium-rich algae may
offer an interesting alternative for contamination control as other algae species and
protozoal contaminants are unable to grow under higher selenium concentration.
v
vi Editorial and Introduction to Volume II
The second part is directed to different possibilities of “unit operation” and
whole biorefi nery design. The fi rst chapter by Chirdon shows how biorefi neries may
increase profi tability by utilizing existing material streams that may have little or
negative value including various nutrient-rich wastewater streams and how to con-
vert proteinaceous waste streams from biorefi neries into valuable products. Planning
a biorefi nery operation should be designed with consideration of inclusion of the
products and coproducts to optimize the economic viability of the system. Likewise,
Özçimen discusses employment of algae cake as the utilization of algal wastes is the
most appropriate option for energy recovery and cost reduction. The following
paper by Theegala covers separate steps such as cell disruption and oil extraction.
Such topics are typically not considered in the overall biorefi nery design and may
improve the economics to get on par with petroleum products. In the same line, the
extension of the number of products by anaerobic (or combined aerobic/anaerobic)
culturing may provide a variety of products to conventional autotrophic biorefi nery
design such as methane and hydrogen. This paper also employs relatively simple
quantitative treatment to help the optimization of product formation. The next two
chapters review two different biomass treatments such as hydrothermal and crack-
ing. The chapter by Ruiz et al. focuses on macroalgal biomass. The last two chapters
focus on life cycle analysis of algal biorefi nery. Cheali et al. provide systematic
framework for synthesis and design of processing networks with a number of sce-
narios produced prior to the identifi cation of optimal designs. The approach allows
an expansion as more promising data and technologies are available. Agusdinata
et al. consider environmental factors to assess potential emission reduction resulting
from the adoption of algal biofuels in the US airline industry.
T he editors would like to thank internal and external reviewers for their willing-
ness to assess the submitted chapters:
Aleš Prokop, Rakesh K Bajpai, Paul Pedigo, Samuel Abramson, Vilém Zachleder,
Manfred Lübken, Tomáš Branyik, William Chirdon, Melek Erol Trygun, Octavio
Perez-Garcia, Larry E Erickson, David Glass, Bohumil Dušek, Martin Koller, GC
Sin, Milada Vítová, Didem Őzçimen, and Jiří Masojídek.
Nashville , TN , USA Aleš Prokop
Lafayette , LA , USA Rakesh K. Bajpai
Lafayette , LA , USA Mark E. Zappi
References
B ajpai RK, Prokop A, Zappi M (eds) (2014) Algal biorefi neries, volume 1: cultivation of cells and
products. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 324 p
Doucha J, Lívanský K (2014) High density outdoor microalgal culture. In: Bajpai RK, Prokop A,
Zappi M (eds) Algal biorefi neries, volume 1: cultivation of cells and products. Springer,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 147–173
Contents
Part I Algal Growth, Products and Optimization
Microalgal Systems Biology for Biofuel Production .................................... 3
Seong-Joo Hong and Choul-Gyun Lee
Government Regulation of the Uses of Genetically Modified Algae
and Other Microorganisms in Biofuel and Bio-based
Chemical Production ...................................................................................... 2 3
David J. Glass
Microalgal Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Culturing
for Bio-refining: From Metabolic Routes to Techno-economics ................. 6 1
Octavio Perez-Garcia and Yoav Bashan
Design of Closed Photobioreactors for Algal Cultivation ............................ 133
Martin Koller
Tubular Photobioreactors............................................................................... 187
Giuseppe Torzillo and Graziella Chini Zittelli
Photobioreactors with Internal Illumination ............................................... 213
Magda Sergejevová , José Romel Malapascua , Jiří Kopecký ,
and Jiří Masojídek
Thin-Layer Systems for Mass Cultivation of Microalgae:
Flat Panels and Sloping Cascades ................................................................. 237
Jiří Masojídek , Magda Sergejevová , José Romel Malapascua ,
and Jiří Kopecký
Gas Balances and Growth in Algal Cultures ................................................ 263
Marcia Morales , Juan Cabello , and Sergio Revah
vii
viii Contents
Beneficial or Toxic Effects of Selenium on Green Algae
and Their Application as Nutrient Supplements
or Bio-remediators .......................................................................................... 3 15
Milada Vítová , Kateřina Bišová , Jiří Doucha , and Vilém Zachleder
Rare Earth Elements and Algae: Physiological Effects,
Biorefinery and Recycling .............................................................................. 339
Franz Goecke , Vilém Zachleder , and Milada Vítová
Part II Biorefi nery Design and Processing Steps
Utilization of Biorefinery Waste Proteins as Feed, Glues,
Composites, and Other Co-Products ............................................................. 3 67
William M. Chirdon
Utilization Alternatives of Algal Wastes for Solid Algal Products .............. 393
Didem Özçimen , Benan İ nan , Sevgi Akış , and Anıl Tevfi k Koçer
Algal Cell Disruption and Lipid Extraction: A Review on Current
Technologies and Limitations ........................................................................ 419
Chandra S. Theegala
Microalgal-Derived Biomethanization and Biohydrogen
Production – A Review of Modeling Approaches ......................................... 443
Pascal Kosse , Marc Wichern , and Manfred Lübken
Hydrothermal Pretreatments of Macroalgal Biomass
for Biorefineries ............................................................................................... 467
Héctor A. Ruiz , Rosa M. Rodríguez-Jasso , Mario Aguedo ,
and Zsófi a Kádár
Conversion of Microalgae Bio-oil into Bio-diesel ......................................... 493
Aimaro Sanna, and Nur Adilah Abd Rahman
A Framework for Sustainable Design of Algal Biorefineries:
Economic Aspects and Life Cycle Analysis ................................................... 511
Peam Cheali, Carina Gargalo, Krist V Gernaey, and Gürkan Sin
Multi-Actor Life-Cycle Assessment of Algal Biofuels
for the U.S. Airline Industry ........................................................................... 537
Datu Buyung Agusdinata and Daniel DeLaurentis
Index ................................................................................................................. 553
Part I
Algal Growth, Products and Optimization