AIRPORT DESIGN AND OPERATION Third Edition Thispageintentionallyleftblank AIRPORT DESIGN AND OPERATION Third Edition by ANTONI´N KAZDA University of Zˇ ilina, Zˇ ilina, Slovakia ROBERT E. CAVES Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK (Retired) United Kingdom (cid:1) North America (cid:1) Japan India (cid:1) Malaysia (cid:1) China Thispageintentionallyleftblank EmeraldGroupPublishingLimited HowardHouse,WagonLane,BingleyBD161WA,UK Firstedition2000 Secondedition2007 Thirdedition2015 Copyrightr2015EmeraldGroupPublishingLimited Reprintsandpermissionsservice Contact:[email protected] Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,transmittedinanyformor byanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithouteitherthe priorwrittenpermissionofthepublisheroralicencepermittingrestrictedcopyingissuedinthe UKbyTheCopyrightLicensingAgencyandintheUSAbyTheCopyrightClearanceCenter. Anyopinionsexpressedinthechaptersarethoseoftheauthors.WhilstEmeraldmakesevery efforttoensurethequalityandaccuracyofitscontent,Emeraldmakesnorepresentation impliedorotherwise,astothechapters’suitabilityandapplicationanddisclaimsanywarranties, expressorimplied,totheiruse. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-78441-870-0 ISOQAR certified Management System, awarded to Emerald for adherence to Environmental standard ISO 14001:2004. Certificate Number 1985 ISO 14001 Dedication We have written this book for all the fools who love the beautiful fragrance of the burntkerosene. TonyKazdaandBobCaves We would like to thank our wives for their understanding during our writing, becausethetimeinvolvedforthisworkwasstolenfromourfamilies.Alsowethank ‘little’ Zuzana and Tom for their help with language and the manipulation of computersoftware. Contents vii C ONTENTS Abbreviations xv Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv 1. AirTransportandAirports 1 1.1. DevelopmentofAirports 1 1.2. Standards 14 1.2.1. ICAOLegislation 14 1.2.2. NationalStandardsandRecommendedPractices 17 1.3. AirportDevelopmentPlanning 18 2. PredictingTraffic 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. TypesofForecastNeeded 23 2.3. MethodsofAnalysis 24 2.3.1. InformedJudgement 25 2.3.2. TrendExtrapolation 26 2.3.3. EconometricModels 27 2.3.4. TheTravelDecisions 30 2.3.5. ModalShares 30 2.3.6. DiscreteChoiceModels 31 2.3.7. RevealedandStatedPreferences 33 2.3.8. EffectsofSupplyDecisions 34 2.3.9. Uncertainty 34 2.3.10.ScenarioWriting 35 2.4. HistoricTrendsinTraffic 36 2.5. FactorsAffectingtheTrends 37 2.5.1. EconomicFactors 37 2.5.2. DemographicFactors 38 2.5.3. SupplyFactors 38 2.5.3.1. Costperpassengerkilometre(pkm) 38 2.5.3.2. Aircraftsize 39 viii AirportDesignandOperation 2.5.3.3. Costofinputfactors 39 2.5.3.4. Technology 40 2.5.3.5. Management 40 2.5.3.6. Capacityconstraints 40 2.5.3.7. Fares 41 2.5.4. EconomicRegulation 41 2.5.5. EnvironmentalRegulation 41 2.5.6. Cargo 42 2.6. Conclusions 42 3. AirportSiteSelectionandRunwaySystemOrientation 45 3.1. SelectionofaSitefortheAirport 45 3.2. UsabilityFactor 48 3.3. EffectofLow-VisibilityOperations 51 3.4. ControlofObstacles 62 3.5. OtherFactors 69 4. Runways 73 4.1. AerodromeReferenceCode 73 4.2. RunwayLength 77 4.3. DeclaredDistances 93 4.4. RunwayWidth 95 4.4.1. RunwayWidthRequirements 95 4.4.2. RunwayShoulders 96 4.4.3. RunwayTurnPads 97 4.5. RunwaySlopes 98 4.5.1. TransverseSlopes 98 4.5.2. LongitudinalSlopes 99 5. RunwayStripsandOtherAreas 103 5.1. RunwayStrips 103 5.2. Clearways 106 5.3. RunwayEndSafetyAreas 106 6. Taxiways 113 6.1. FunctionalCriteriaandTaxiwaySystemDesign 113 6.2. RapidExitTaxiways 115 6.3. TaxiwaySeparations 120 6.4. TaxiwayGeometry 122 7. Aprons 127 7.1. ApronRequirements 127 7.2. ApronSizing 128 7.3. ApronLocation 130 Contents ix 7.4. ApronConcepts 131 7.4.1. SimpleConcept 132 7.4.2. LinearConcept 132 7.4.3. OpenConcept 133 7.4.4. PierConcept 134 7.4.5. SatelliteConcept 135 7.4.6. HybridConcept 136 7.5. StandTypes 136 7.6. ApronCapacity 142 7.7. IsolatedAircraftParkingPosition 144 8. Pavements 145 8.1. Background 145 8.2. PavementTypes 146 8.2.1. UnpavedMovementAreas 147 8.2.2. Pavements 148 8.2.2.1. Useofhardsurfacepavements 148 8.2.2.1.1. Subgrade 149 8.2.2.1.2. Sub-base 150 8.2.2.1.3. Bearingcourse/basecourse 150 8.2.2.2. Flexible(asphalt)pavements 150 8.2.2.3. Rigid(concrete)pavements 152 8.2.2.4. Combinedpavements 158 8.2.2.5. Blockpaving 159 8.3. PavementStrength 160 8.3.1. Pavements-AircraftLoads 160 8.3.2. PavementStrengthReporting 162 8.3.3. OverloadOperations 167 8.4. RunwaySurface 168 8.4.1. RunwaySurfaceQualityRequirements 168 8.4.2. MethodsofRunwaySurfaceUnevennessAssessment bytheDualMassMethod 168 8.4.3. PavementTexture 172 8.4.4. RunwayBrakingAction 176 8.5. PavementManagementSystem 180 9. AircraftGroundHandling 185 9.1. AircraftHandlingMethodsandSafety 185 9.2. AircraftGroundHandlingActivities 191 9.2.1. DeplaningandBoarding 191 9.2.2. SuppliesofPower,Air-Conditioningand CompressedAir 195 9.2.3. CargoandBaggageLoading 195 9.2.4. PushBackOperations 197