Table Of Content

AIRPORT DESIGN AND OPERATION Second Edition Related Books ANNE GRAHAM Managing Airports CHRISTOPHER BLOW Transport Terminals and Modal Interchanges DARIN LEE Advances in Airline Economics, I MARTIN DRESNER Research in Transportation Economics DAVID A. HENSHER Handbooks in Transport 6 Related Journals Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review Journal of Air Transport Management R AIRPORT DESIGN AND OPERATION Second Edition ANTONÍN KAZDA University of Žilina, Slovakia ROBERT E. CAVES Loughborough University, U.K. Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford – Paris San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, U.K. Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13: 978-0-08-045104-6 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The United Kingdom 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedication We have written this book for all the fools who love the beautiful fragrance of the burnt kerosene. Tony Kazda and Bob Caves We would like to thank our wives for their understanding during our writing, because the time involved for this work was stolen from our families. Also we thank ‘little’ Zuzana and Tom for their help with language and the manipulation of computer software. We appreciate all the help from the professionals who have contributed to the text or have given freely their time and expertise to advise and correct our draft texts. This page intentionally left blank Contents vii CONTENTS Preface ......................................................................................................................................xv 1 AIR TRANSPORT AND AIRPORTS..................................................................................1 1.1 Development of Airports................................................................................................1 1.2 Standards.......................................................................................................................13 1.2.1 ICAO Legislation...................................................................................................13 1.2.2 National Standards and Recommended Practices..................................................16 1.3 Airport Development Planning....................................................................................16 2 PREDICTING TRAFFIC....................................................................................................21 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................21 2.2 Types of Forecast Needed.............................................................................................22 2.3 Methods of Analysis.....................................................................................................23 2.3.1 Informed Judgement...............................................................................................23 2.3.2 Trend Extrapolation................................................................................................24 2.3.3 Econometric Models...............................................................................................26 2.3.4 The Travel Decisions..............................................................................................28 2.3.5 Modal Shares..........................................................................................................29 2.3.6 Discrete Choice Models.........................................................................................30 2.3.7 Revealed and Stated Preferences............................................................................31 2.3.8 Effects of Supply Decisions...................................................................................32 2.3.9 Uncertainty.............................................................................................................32 2.3.10 Scenario Writing.......................................................................................................34 2.4 Historic Trends in Traffic.............................................................................................35 2.5 Factors Affecting the Trends.........................................................................................36 2.5.1 Economic Factors...................................................................................................36 2.5.2 Demographic Factors.............................................................................................36 2.5.3 Supply Factors........................................................................................................37 2.5.4 Economic Regulation.............................................................................................40 2.5.5 Environmental Regulation......................................................................................40 2.5.6 Cargo......................................................................................................................40 2.6 Conclusions...................................................................................................................41 3 AIRPORT SITE SELECTION AND RUNWAY SYSTEM ORIENTATION...............45 3.1 Selection of a Site for the Airport.................................................................................45 3.2 Usability Factor.............................................................................................................47 viii Airport Design and Operation 3.3 Low Visibility Operations.............................................................................................50 3.4 Control of Obstacles......................................................................................................58 3.5 Other Factors.................................................................................................................65 4 RUNWAYS...........................................................................................................................69 4.1 Aerodrome Reference Code..........................................................................................69 4.2 Runway Length.............................................................................................................73 4.3 Declared Distances........................................................................................................88 4.4 Runway Width..............................................................................................................90 4.4.1 Runway Width Requirements.................................................................................90 4.4.2 Runway Shoulders..................................................................................................91 4.4.3 Runway Turn Pads.................................................................................................92 4.5 Runway Slopes..............................................................................................................93 4.5.1 Transverse Slopes...................................................................................................93 4.5.2 Longitudinal Slopes................................................................................................94 5 RUNWAY STRIPS AND OTHER AREAS.......................................................................97 5.1 Runway Strips...............................................................................................................97 5.2 Clearways....................................................................................................................100 5.3 Runway End Safety Areas1.........................................................................................101 6 TAXIWAYS........................................................................................................................107 6.1 Taxiway System Design..............................................................................................107 6.2 High-speed Exit Taxiways..........................................................................................108 6.3 Taxiway Separations...................................................................................................113 6.4 Taxiway Geometry......................................................................................................115 7 APRONS..............................................................................................................................119 7.1 Apron Requirements...................................................................................................119 7.2 Apron Sizing...............................................................................................................121 7.3 Apron Location...........................................................................................................122 7.4 Apron Concepts...........................................................................................................124 7.4.1 Simple Concept....................................................................................................124 7.4.2 Linear Concept.....................................................................................................124 7.4.3 Open Concept.......................................................................................................125 7.4.4 Pier Concept.........................................................................................................126 7.4.5 Satellite Concept...................................................................................................128 7.4.6 Hybrid Concept....................................................................................................128 7.5 Stand Types.................................................................................................................129 7.6 Apron Capacity...........................................................................................................135 7.7 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position...............................................................................136 Contents ix 8 PAVEMENTS.....................................................................................................................137 8.1 Background.................................................................................................................137 8.2 Pavement Types..........................................................................................................138 8.2.1 Non-Reinforced Grass Strips................................................................................139 8.2.2 Reinforced Grass Strips........................................................................................139 8.2.3 Reinforced Pavements with Hard Surface............................................................140 8.2.3.1 Use of Hard Surface Pavements........................................................................140 8.2.3.1.1 Subgrade.......................................................................................................141 8.2.3.1.2 Sub-base.......................................................................................................142 8.2.3.1.3 Bearing Course.............................................................................................142 8.2.3.2 Flexible (Asphalt) Pavements...........................................................................142 8.2.3.3 Rigid (Cement-concrete) Pavements................................................................144 8.2.3.4 Combined Pavements........................................................................................151 8.2.3.5 Block Paving.....................................................................................................151 8.3 Pavement Strength......................................................................................................151 8.3.1 Pavements-Aircraft Loads....................................................................................151 8.3.2 Pavement Strength Reporting...............................................................................153 8.3.3 Overload Operations.............................................................................................157 8.4 Runway Surface..........................................................................................................158 8.4.1 Runway Surface Quality Requirements...............................................................158 8.4.2 Methods of Runway Surface Unevenness Assessment by the Dual Mass Method ..............................................................................................................................159 8.4.3 Pavement Texture.................................................................................................163 8.4.4 Runway Braking Action.......................................................................................166 8.5 Pavement Management System..................................................................................171 9 AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING...............................................................................173 9.1 Aircraft Handling Methods and Safety.......................................................................173 9.2 Aircraft Ground Handling Activities..........................................................................180 9.2.1 Deplaning and Boarding.......................................................................................180 9.2.2 Supplies of Power, Air-Conditioning and Compressed Air.................................183 9.2.3 Cargo and Baggage Loading................................................................................184 9.2.4 Push Back Operations..........................................................................................184 9.3 Colaborative Decison Making (CDM)........................................................................188 9.4 Visual Guidance Systems............................................................................................190 10 AIRCRAFT REFUELLING............................................................................................197 10.1 Background.................................................................................................................197 10.2 Fuel - Requirements....................................................................................................199 10.2.1 Requirements for Fuel Quality.............................................................................199 10.2.2 Fuel Storage..........................................................................................................201 10.3 Fuel Distribution.........................................................................................................204 10.4 Safety of the Refuelling Operation.............................................................................208 10.4.1 Ecological Damage...............................................................................................208