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Agricultural Practices (Std12 - Tamil Medium) PDF

2006·16.2 MB·Tamil
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nnnnntttttssssshhhhh©©©©© bbbbbrrrrraaaaašššššKKKKKiiiiiwwwwwfffffŸŸŸŸŸ (((((AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) fffffUUUUU¤¤¤¤¤ÂÂÂÂÂaaaaaššššš (THEORY) bbbbbjjjjjhhhhhêêêêꉉ‰‰‰fffffšššššééééé nnnnnkkkkkšššššãããããiiiiiyyyyy ----- ÏÏÏÏÏuuuuu©©©©©lllllhhhhh««««« MMMMM©©©©©LLLLL jäœehL muR Ïytr¥ ghlüš tH§F« £l¤Â‹Ñœ btëæl¥g£lJ (é‰gid¡F m‹W) Ô©lhik xU ght¢braš Ô©lhik xU bgU§F‰w« Ô©lhik kåj¤ j‹ika‰w braš jjjjjääää䜜œœœeeeeehhhhh£££££LLLLL¥¥¥¥¥ ggggghhhhhlllllüüüüüššššš fffffHHHHHfffff««««« fšÿç¢ rhiy, br‹id - 600 006 © jjjjjääää䜜œœœeeeeehhhhhLLLLL mmmmmuuuuuRRRRR KKKKKjjjjjššššš gggggÂÂÂÂÂ¥¥¥¥¥òòòòò ----- 22222000001111111111 FFFFFGGGGG¤¤¤¤¤jjjjjiiiiiyyyyyttttt®®®®® KKKKKiiiiidddddttttt®®®®®..... rrrrr..... nnnnnkkkkkhhhhhfffff‹‹‹‹‹,,,,, nguhÁça® (ó¢Áæaš Jiw), jäœehL ntsh©ik¥ gšfiy¡fHf«, nfha«ò¤ö® - 641 003. üüüüüššššš MMMMMÁÁÁÁÁçççççaaaaa®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ KKKKKiiiiidddddttttt®®®®® jjjjj..... tttttrrrrrªªªªªÂÂÂÂÂ,,,,, nguhÁça® (k©âaš k‰W« ntsh© ntÂæaš Jiw), jäœehL ntsh©ik¥ gšfiy¡fHf«, nfha«ò¤ö® - 641 003. mmmmm..... MMMMMdddddªªªªªjjjjjfffffiiiiiyyyyy¢¢¢¢¢bbbbbrrrrršššššééééé,,,,, bbbbbggggg..... ÂÂÂÂÂUUUUUkkkkkhhhhhšššššfffffhhhhhªªªªªÂÂÂÂÂ,,,,, bjhê‰fšé MÁçia (ntsh©ik), bjhê‰fšé MÁça® (ntsh©ik), muR M©fŸ nkšãiy¥gŸë, muR nkšãiy¥gŸë, bjh©lhK¤ö® - 641 109. ò#§f}® - 641 113. ÏÏÏÏÏuuuuuhhhhh..... kkkkkyyyyy®®®®®éééééêêêêê,,,,, rrrrr..... ïïïïïšššššlllllhhhhh,,,,, bjhê‰fšé MÁçia (ntsh©ik), bjhê‰fšé MÁçia (ntsh©ik), muR nkšãiy¥gŸë, muR M©fŸ nkšãiy¥gŸë, fhukil - 641 104. gšyl« - 641 664. ghl§fŸ jahç¥ò : jäœehL muR¡fhf¥ gŸë¡ fšé Ïa¡ff«, jäœehL Ϫüš 60 í.v°.v«.jhëš m¢Ál¥g£LŸsJ bt¥ M¥br£ Kiwæš m¢Á£nlh® ggggghhhhhlllll¤¤¤¤¤Â£££££lllll««««« 11111..... jjjjjhhhhhåååååaaaaa¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®® beš - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - V‰w k© tif - g£l« k‰W« uf« - éijasÎ - éij ne®¤Â - eh‰w§fhš jah® brŒjš - eh‰w§fhš guhkç¥ò - elÎ taš jahç¥ò - elÎ - cuã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - fis nkyh©ik - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ - K®¢Áia¡ f©l¿jš - mWtil - kfNš - br«ik beš rhFgo. 22222..... ÁÁÁÁÁWWWWWjjjjjhhhhhåååååaaaaa¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ k¡fh¢nrhs« - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éijasÎ - éijne®¤Â - ãy« jahç¤jš - éij¥ò - fis ã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ - K®¢Áia¡ f©l¿jš - mWtil - kfNš. 33333..... gggggaaaaaWWWWWtttttiiiiifffff¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ Jtiu, cSªJ, g¢ir¥gaW, j£il¥gaW, mtiu, bkh¢ir, nrhahbkh¢ir, bfh©il¡fliy m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥g ãiy - k© ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éijasÎ - éij ne®¤Â - ãy« jahç¤jš - éij¥ò - fis ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - ts®¢ÁC¡» bjë¤jš - CLgæçLjš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ - fth¤J brŒjš - mWtil - kfNš. 44444..... vvvvv©©©©©bbbbbzzzzzŒŒŒŒŒ éééé餤¤¤¤JJJJJ¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ ãy¡fliy, bj‹id, vŸ, NçafhªÂ, Mkz¡F - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éij¤nj®Î - eh‰w§fhš jahç¤jš - Fê jah® brŒjš - elÎ - fis ã®thf« E©û£l¢r¤J ÏLjš - Ú® ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - CLgæ® - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ - K®¢Á - mWtil - kfNš. 55555..... eeeeehhhhh®®®®®¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ gU¤Â - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - éijasÎ - éijne®¤Â - ãy« jahç¤jš - éij¥ò - cuã®thf« - fisã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - Ïiytê cuälš - ts®¢Á C¡» bjë¤jš - E廟Sjš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ - mWtil - kfNš - Ã.o. gU¤Â. iii 66666..... rrrrr®®®®®¡¡¡¡¡fffffiiiiiuuuuu¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®® fU«ò - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éijasÎ - fuizne®¤Â - ãy« jahç¤jš - éij¥ò - fis ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - E©Qæ® cuälš - Ú® ã®thf« - njhif cç¤jš - é£l« f£Ljš - Ú®ngh¤Jfis Ú¡Fjš - CLgæ® - mWtil - kfNš - f£ilgæ® - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 77777..... »»»»»HHHHH§§§§§FFFFF tttttiiiiifffff¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ kutŸë¡»H§F, cUis¡»H§F - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éij¤nj®Î - fuizne®¤Â - ãy« jahç¤jš - elÎ - fis ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - Ïiytê E©û£l« - Ú® ã®thf« - mWtil - kfNš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 88888..... fffffhhhhhŒŒŒŒŒfffff¿¿¿¿¿¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ f¤jç, j¡fhë, äsfhŒ, bt©il, órâ tiffŸ, Ñiu tiffŸ - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éijasÎ - éijne®¤Â - eh‰w§fhš jahç¤jš - ãy« jahç¤jš - éij¥ò - fis ã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - Ïiytê cuälš - mWtil - kfNš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 99999..... gggggHHHHH¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ kh, thiH, r¥ngh£lh, bfhŒah, vYä¢ir, g¥ghë - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - ãy« jahç¤jš - elÎ - cuã®thf« - fth¤J brŒjš - Ú® ã®thf« - ts®¢Á C¡» bjë¤jš - mWtil - kfNš - g¥ghëæš ghš vL¤jš - CLgæ® - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 1111100000..... eeeeeWWWWWkkkkkzzzzz¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®® kŠrŸ - m¿éaš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éijasÎ - éijne®¤Â - ãy« jahç¤jš - elÎ - fis ã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - Ïiytê cuälš - k© miz¤jš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ - K®¢Á - mWtil - kfNš. iv 1111111111..... kkkkkiiiiiyyyyy¤¤¤¤¤nnnnnjjjjjhhhhh£££££lllll¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ m¿éæš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - g£l« k‰W« Ïuf« - éij¤nj®Î - eh‰w§fhš - elÎ - fisã®thf« - cuã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - fth¤J brŒjš - mWtil - kfNš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 1111122222..... ÏÏÏÏÏyyyyyhhhhh»»»»»çççç祥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®® kkkkk‰‰‰‰‰WWWWW««««« _____èèèèèiiiiifffff¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ òifæiy, f©tè¡»H§F, mÎç, nrh‰W¡f‰whiH, kUªJ¡T®¡f‹ - m¿éæš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - éijasÎ - éij¥ò - ãy« jahç¤jš - eh‰w§fhš - elÎ taš jahç¥ò - elÎ - fisã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - g¡f»is mf‰Wjš - mWtil - gj¥gL¤Jjš - kfNš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 1111133333..... kkkkkyyyyy®®®®®¥¥¥¥¥gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ kšèif, Kšiy, nuh#h, rhkªÂ, br©Lkšè - m¿éæš bga® - FL«g« - bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« - j£gbt¥gãiy - k©ts« - éijasÎ - ãy« jahç¤jš - elÎ - fisã®thf« - Ú® ã®thf« - cuã®thf« - Ïiytê cuälš - fth¤J brŒjš - Eå¡»ŸSjš - kWjh«ò gæ® - mWtil - kfNš - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒfŸ. 1111144444..... xxxxxUUUUU§§§§§»»»»»iiiiizzzzzªªªªªjjjjj gggggæææææ®®®®® ggggghhhhhJJJJJfffffhhhhh¥¥¥¥¥òòòòò beš, gU¤Â - tiuaiw - rhFgo KiwfŸ -Ïa‰Ãaš KiwfŸ - ÏaªÂu Kiw - cæçaš KiwfŸ - Ïurhad Kiw - r£lKiw. 1111155555..... xxxxxUUUUU§§§§§»»»»»iiiiizzzzzªªªªªjjjjj ggggg©©©©©iiiiizzzzz ããããã®®®®®ttttthhhhhfffff««««« ghš g©iz - ML ts®¥ò - nfhê ts®¥ò - Û‹ ts®¥ò - fhsh‹ ts®¥ò - ntsh© fhLfŸ ts®¥ò - njÜ ts®¥ò - rhz vçthÍ fy‹ - xU§»izªj g©iza¤Â£l«. (e‹brŒ, njh£l¡fhš, khdhthç). 1111166666..... eeeeehhhhh‰‰‰‰‰wwwww§§§§§fffffhhhhhššššš ããããã®®®®®ttttthhhhhfffff««««« eh‰w§fhš - F¿¡nfhŸfŸ - eh‰w§fhš jahç¤jš - ãuªju mik¥òfŸ - e‹ikfŸ, FiwfŸ. v 1111177777..... éééééiiiiijjjjj ccccc‰‰‰‰‰ggggg¤¤¤¤¤Â bbbbbjjjjjhhhhhêêêêêšššššEEEEE£££££ggggg««««« gæ® Ïd¥bgU¡f¤Â‹ neh¡f« - gæ® Ïuf§fŸ - éij tiffŸ - jukhd éij c‰g¤Â¡fhd gofŸ - éij¢rh‹W mYtyç‹ gâfŸ - éij MŒthsç‹ gâfŸ - éij¤ju« - Ïuf« k‰W« Åça x£L Ïuf« btëæLtj‰fhd brašKiwfŸ - beš Ïuf éij c‰g¤Â - gU¤Â Åça x£L Ïuf c‰g¤Â. 1111188888..... JJJJJšššššèèèèèaaaaa ggggg©©©©©iiiiizzzzzaaaaa««««« kkkkk‰‰‰‰‰WWWWW««««« ÏÏÏÏÏaaaaa‰‰‰‰‰iiiiifffff nnnnntttttssssshhhhh©©©©©iiiiikkkkk Jšèa g©iza« - tiuaiw - K¡»a m«r§fŸ - bjhêš E£g§fŸ - r_f bghUshjhu jh¡f§fŸ - Ïa‰if ntsh©ik - tiuaiw - mtÁa« - gofŸ. 1111199999..... tttttâââââfffff nnnnntttttssssshhhhh©©©©©iiiiikkkkk fffffhhhhhssssshhhhh‹‹‹‹‹ ccccc‰‰‰‰‰ggggg¤¤¤¤¤Â : Ïuf§fŸ - _yé¤J, jhŒé¤J, gL¡if é¤J jahç¤jš - Á¥Ã¡fhsh‹ jahç¥ò - ghš fhsh‹ jahç¥ò. nnnnnjjjjjÜÜÜÜÜ tttttsssss®®®®®¥¥¥¥¥òòòòò : Ïd§fŸ - T£L FL«g« - bra‰if nj‹ TLfŸ - ga‹fŸ. ggggg£££££LLLLL¥¥¥¥¥òòòòòGGGGG tttttsssss®®®®®¥¥¥¥¥òòòòò : tiffŸ - kšbgç ts®¥ò - g£L¥òG ts®¥ò - ó¢Á k‰W« nehŒ nkyh©ik. kkkkk©©©©©òòòòòGGGGG cccccuuuuu««««« - jahç¡f cjΫ fêÎfŸ - tiffŸ - jahç¡F« Kiw - C£l¢r¤J¡fŸ - K¡»a¤Jt«. gggggjjjjj¥¥¥¥¥gggggLLLLL¤¤¤¤¤JJJJJjjjjjššššš : KiwfŸ. bbbbbfffffhhhhhŒŒŒŒŒkkkkkyyyyy®®®®® rrrrrhhhhhFFFFFgggggooooo : ky®fŸ - gRik¡Foš f£lik¥ò - f‹W, fuiz éijfŸ - rªij¥gL¤Jjš - c‰g¤Â mÂfç¥gj‰fhd rh¤Âa¡ TWfŸ. ãããããyyyyy vvvvvêêêêêÿÿÿÿÿ£££££LLLLLjjjjjššššš : óªnjh£l¤Â‹ m§f§fŸ. 2222200000..... nnnnntttttssssshhhhh©©©©© éééé鉉‰‰‰gggggiiiiiddddd ccccc¤¤¤¤¤ÂÂÂÂÂfffffŸŸŸŸŸ rªij - é‰gid k‰W« tâf¤Jiw - ju¡f£L¥ghL - fy¥gl«. 2222211111..... fffffhhhhhšššššeeeeeiiiiilllll ggggguuuuuhhhhhkkkkkçççç祥¥¥¥òòòòò fhšeilfis¤ jh¡F« nehŒfŸ - bjh‰W« nehŒfŸ - bjh‰whj nehŒfŸ - x£L©âfŸ - f£L¥gh£L KiwfŸ. vi bbbbbggggghhhhhUUUUUssssslllll¡¡¡¡¡fffff««««« kkkkkhhhhhjjjjj««««« ttttt.....vvvvv©©©©© bbbbbggggghhhhhUUUUUŸŸŸŸŸ ggggg¡¡¡¡¡fffff vvvvv©©©©© #&‹ 1. jhåa¥gæ®fŸ 1 2. ÁWjhåa¥gæ®fŸ 17 3. gaWtif¥gæ®fŸ 25 #]iy 4. v©bzŒ é¤J¥gæ®fŸ 42 5. eh®¥gæ®fŸ 62 6. r®¡fiu¥gæ®fŸ 71 7. »H§Ftif¥gæ®fŸ 76 Mf°£ 8. fhŒf¿¥gæ®fŸ 82 9. gH¥gæ®fŸ 94 10. eWkz¥gæ®fŸ 107 br¥l«g® 11. kiy¤njh£l¥gæ®fŸ 110 12. Ïyh»ç gæ® k‰W« _èif¥gæ®fŸ 116 13. ky®¥gæ®fŸ 128 m¡nlhg® 14. xU§»izªj gæ® ghJfh¥ò 136 15. xU§»izªj g©iz ã®thf« 145 16. eh‰w§fhš ã®thf« 152 17. éij c‰g¤Â bjhêš E£g« 158 et«g® 18. Jšèa g©iz¤Â£l« k‰W« 169 Ïa‰if ntsh©ik 19. tâf ntsh©ik 180 20. ntsh© é‰gid 209 or«g® 21. fhšeil guhkç¥ò 218 vii 11111..... jjjjjhhhhhåååååaaaaa¥¥¥¥¥ gggggæææææ®®®®®fffffŸŸŸŸŸ ----- (Cereals) beš, nfhJik, gh®è k‰W« X£° M»ait ϪÂahéš gæçl¥gL« jhåa¥gæ®fshF«. jäœeh£il¥ bghU¤jk£oš beš Kj‹ik czÎ¥gæuhF«. jäœeh£o‹ mid¤J kht£l§fëY«, všyh¥ g£l§fëY« beš rhFgo brŒa¥gL»wJ. bbbbbeeeeeššššš (Paddy) jjjjjhhhhhtttttuuuuuéééééaaaaaššššš bbbbbgggggaaaaa®®®®® : Xiurh r£ilth FFFFFLLLLL«««««ggggg««««« : »»»»»uuuuuhhhhhääääännnnnddddd jjjjjhhhhhaaaaafffff««««« : ϪÂah 11111.....11111.....11111 bbbbbggggghhhhhUUUUUssssshhhhhjjjjjhhhhhuuuuu KKKKK¡¡¡¡¡»»»»»aaaaa¤¤¤¤¤JJJJJttttt««««« (Economic importance) : cyf mséš beš xU Kj‹ik czÎ¥ gæuhF«. bkh¤j k¡f£bjhifæš 60 rj¤Â‰F nk‰g£l k¡fŸ Ïjid czthf¥ ga‹gL¤J»‹wd®. mçÁæš 6-7 rj òuj¢r¤J«, 2-2.5 rj bfhG¥ò¢r¤J«, B tif it£lä‹fS«, Fiwªj mséš R©zh«ò¢ r¤J« cŸsJ. beš jéL, fhšeil k‰W« nfhê¤ Ôtdkhf¥ ga‹gL»wJ. beš cä, czÎ v©bzŒ Ãç¤bjL¡fΫ, Ábk©£ m£ilfŸ jahç¥ÃY« gadh»wJ. it¡nfhš fhšeil¤ ÔtdkhfΫ, nfhê¥g©izfëš bt¥g_£L« bghUshfΫ, gH§fis¥ gj¥gL¤jΫ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. 11111.....11111.....22222 jjjjj£££££gggggbbbbbttttt¥¥¥¥¥gggggãããããiiiiiyyyyy (Climate) : bešgæ® ts®¢Á¡F mÂf msÎ Ú® mtÁa«. beš rhFgo¡F MW, Vç k‰W« »z‰W¥ghrd« ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ. 1500 äÛ¡F nkš kiH bgW« gFÂfS«, 20-40obr bt¥gãiyÍ« Ï¥gæ® rhFgo¡F cfªjJ. 11111.....11111.....33333 kkkkk©©©©© tttttsssss««««« (Soil) : brGik ãiwªj ÏUk© k‰W« fçršk© ãy§fëš Ï¥gæ® e‹F tsU«. 5.5 - 8.5 fhu mäy ãiy bfh©l k© Ï¥gæ® rhFgo¡F V‰wjhF«. 11111.....11111.....44444 gggggæææææçççççlllll¥¥¥¥¥gggggLLLLL««««« KKKKKiiiiiwwwwwfffffŸŸŸŸŸ (Types of cultivation) : nr‰WHéš neuo éij¥ò (Puddled direct sown) k‰W« eh‰w§fhš éij¥ò (Puddled transplanted) vd ÏUKiwfëY«, khdhthç rhFgoahf neuo éij¥ò (Rainfed direct sown) KiwæY« beš gæçl¥gL»wJ. 1 Ïuf§fŸÏuf§fŸÏuf§fŸÏuf§fŸÏuf§fŸ ADT 36, 39, 42, ASD 16, 18, 20, MDU 5, TRY 2, IR 64, uhÁ. TKM 9, ASD16, 17, 18, 20, IR 36, 64, CO 47, MDU 5, ADT 36, 37, 42, 43, 47, ADTRH 1. IR 50, 64, ADT 36, 42, 47, TKM 9. ADT 36, 37, 42, 45, 47, ADTRH 1, ASD 16, 17, 18, MDU 5, CO 47, TRY 2, IR 50, 64. ADT 36, 37, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, TRY 2, ADTRH 1, IR 50, 64, ASD 16, 18, MDU 5, TKM 9. IR 20, ADT 39, 40, 44, TRY 1, CO 43, CORH 2, bgh‹kâ, btŸis bgh‹å, MDU 4. L L, ) kht£l§fŸkht£l§fŸkht£l§fŸkht£l§fŸkht£l§fŸ ÂUtŸq®, ÂUt©zhkiy, ntÿ® éG¥òu«, ÂU¢Á, f%®, ehf¥g£od«, nfhit, <nuhL, nry«, bgu«gÿ®, njå, òJ¡nfh£il, ©L¡fš. , ÂUtŸq®, ntÿ®ÂUt©zhkiy, flY®, éG¥òu«, ehk¡fš, j®kòç. ÂUbešntè, f‹åahFkç, ö¤J¡Fo. nfhit, kJiu, njå, ©L¡fš, nry«, ehk¡fš, j®kòç. ÂU¢Á, bgu«gÿ®, f%®, jŠrhñ®, <nuh ehf¥g£od«, ÂUth%®, òJ¡nfh£il. 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