Agricultural policies in OECD countries. monitoring and evaluation

281 Pages·1997·7.92 MB·English

by  OECD

2
0
0
9
Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Agricultural Policies
Overall support to farmers in OECD countries has been declining. In 2008, it was 21% of
farmers’ gross receipts, down from 22% in 2007 and 26% in 2006. This is the lowest level since in OECD Countries
the mid-1980s. This report shows that the decline has largely been due to a narrowing of the gap
between domestic and world agricultural commodity prices. Progress has been made in decoupling
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
support from production, but production-linked support is still significant. There are wide variations
in the levels and composition of support across countries.
The report also focuses on the impacts of the current financial and economic crisis on agriculture,
and the policy responses. Agriculture is expected to fare better than many other sectors. It has a
relatively smaller financial exposure, demand is less sensitive to income falls, and the existing set
of support policies in many countries can dampen the impact of the crisis. Governments are facing
tighter fiscal conditions, which is likely to prompt further review of support policies, including for
agriculture.
The 2008 United States Farm Act, the Health Check of the European Union’s Common Agricultural
Policy and the new Growing Forward policy framework in Canada are also reviewed in the report.
A
A special feature in the report focuses on agri-environmental policies in OECD countries. g
r
ic
This report is a unique source of up-to-date estimates of support to agriculture. It provides an u
lt
overview of agricultural support in the OECD area, complemented by individual chapters on u
r
a
agricultural policy developments in all OECD countries. Data for the calculations of support are l P
available on line at www.oecd.org/tad/support/psecse. o
lic
Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation is published every other year, ie
s
alternating with Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: At a Glance. in
O
E
C
D
C
o
u
n
t
r
ie
s
M
O
N
IT
O
R
IN
G
A
N
D
The full text of this book is available on line via this link: E
www.sourceoecd.org/agriculture/9789264061729 VA
L
Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: UA
T
www.sourceoecd.org/9789264061729 IO
N
SourceOECD is the OECD online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases.
For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us
at [email protected].

2009
ISBN 978-92-64-06172-9 -:HSTCQE=U[V\W^:
51 2009 03 1 P 2009
www.oecd.org/publishing

Agricultural Policies
in OECD Countries
MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2009
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.
The integration of European Union countries that are not members of the OECD in
indicators of support of the European Union reported in this document has been carried out
with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed in the report can
in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
Also available in French under the title:
Les politiques agricoles des pays de l’OCDE
SUIVI ET ÉVALUATION 2009
Photo credits: © Trutta – Fotolia.com
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
© OECD 2009
You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia
products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source
and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for
permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)
at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected].
FOREWORD
Foreword
A
gricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation2009 is the
19thedition of a series which is published in alternate years with the shorter version, Agricultural
Policies in OECD Countries: At a Glance. These two publications examine agricultural policies in
OECD countries in response to the request by OECD ministers to monitor and evaluate the
implementation of the principles for agricultural policy reform.
The OECD uses a comprehensive system for measuring and classifying support to agriculture –
the Producer and Consumer Support Estimates (PSEs and CSEs) and related indicators. They provide
insight into the increasingly complex nature of agricultural policy and serve as a basis for OECD’s
agricultural policy monitoring and evaluation.
The Executive Summary synthesises the key findings of the report. PartI provides an overview
of developments in agricultural policies in OECD countries. A special feature of this year’s report is
the impact of the financial and economic crisis on agriculture and the policy responses by
governments. The2008 US Farm Act, the Health Check of the European Union’s Common
Agricultural Policy and the new Growing Forward policy framework in Canada are also highlighted.
PartI also looks at broad trends in support to agriculture in OECD countries and draws some
conclusions about the progress in agricultural reform. This Part concludes with an overview of agri-
environmental policies in OECD countries. PartII summarises the developments in agricultural
policies in each individual OECD country (with the European Union categorised as one country for
this purpose) and PartIII contains detailed background tables with OECD indicators of agricultural
support.
The Executive Summary and PartI are published under the responsibility of the OECD
Committee for Agriculture. The remainder of the report is published under the responsibility of the
Secretary-General of the OECD.
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN OECD COUNTRIES: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2009 – ISBN 978-92-64-06172-9 – © OECD 2009 3
Acknowledgements
This edition was prepared by the Trade and Agriculture Directorate of the OECD
with the active participation of member countries. The following people from the
OECD Secretariat contributed to drafting this report: Olga Melyukhina (co-
ordinator), Jesús Antón, Ken Ash, Adeline Borot de Battisti, CarmelCahill,
DimitrisDiakosavvas, Hsin Huang, JoannaKomorowska, ShingoKimura, Jussi
Lankoski, Wilfrid Legg, RogerMartini, Alexandra de Matos Nunes, Catherine
Moreddu, Kevin Parris, Véronique de Saint-Martin, Frank van Tongeren, Václav
Vojtech and Dongjin Yoon. Alexandra deMatos Nunes co-ordinated the preparation
of the main tables and graphs. Statistical assistance was provided by Joanna
Komorowska, Véroniquede Saint-Martin and Noura Takrouri-Jolly. Editorial
assistance was provided by Adeline Borot de Battisti, Alexandra deMatos Nunes,
Catherine Moreddu, Michèle Patterson, Theresa Poincet, Véronique deSaint-Martin
and Louise Schets. Administrative services were provided by FrançoiseBénicourt,
Michèle Patterson and Louise Schets. Technical assistance and programming in the
preparation of the PSE/CSE database was provided by Eric Espinasse and Frano
Illicic. Other colleagues in the OECD Secretariat made useful comments in drafting
the report.
This book has...
StatLinks2
A service that delivers Excel® files
from the printed page!
Look for the StatLinks at the bottom right-hand corner of the tables or graphs in this book.
To download the matching Excel® spreadsheet, just type the link into your Internet browser,
starting with the http://dx.doi.org prefix.
If you’re reading the PDF e-book edition, and your PC is connected to the Internet, simply
click on the link. You’ll find StatLinks appearing in more OECD books.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Part I
Main Policy Developments andPolicy Evaluation
Chapter 1. Evaluation of Recent Developments inAgricultural Policy and Support . . . 21
Key economic and market developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Implications of financial and economic crisis, and agricultural policy responses. . . 25
Main changes in agricultural policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Developments in agricultural support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Assessment of reform progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Annex 1.A. Policy principles and operational criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Annex 1.B. Definitions of OECD indicators of agricultural support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Annex 1.C. The PSE classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chapter 2. Developments in Agri-environmental Policies in OECD Countries. . . . . . . . 77
Targeting policies to address environmental issues in agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Policy instruments to address environmental issues in agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Agri-environmental payments in the overall framework of agricultural policy . . . 86
Summary and conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Part II
Country Chapters
Chapter 3. Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Chapter 4. Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Chapter 5. European Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Chapter 6. Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Chapter 7. Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Chapter 8. Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Chapter 9. Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Chapter 10. New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 11. Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 12. Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter 13. Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter 14. United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN OECD COUNTRIES: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2009 – ISBN 978-92-64-06172-9 – © OECD 2009 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part III
Summary Tables of Estimates of Support for OECD Countries
Data improvements implemented in the2009 PSE/CSE Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Boxes
1.1. The timing of the economic crisis and the wide swing incommodityprices. . 23
1.2. At a Glance: Policy Reforms in Canada, European Union andtheUnited States 30
A.1.A. Classification of PSE and related support indicators applied until2006. . . . . . . 69
A.1.B. Classification of PSE applied from2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A.1.C. Definitions of categories in the new PSE classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.1. Classification of agri-environmental payments in the Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.2. How agri-environmental payments are classified in the PSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1. Australia: Commodity specificity of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.1. Canada: Commodity specificity of support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1. European Union: Commodity specificity of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2. Health Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3. Reform of the Common Market Organisation for Fruits and Vegetables . . . . . . 126
5.4. Reform of the Common Market Organisation for Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.1. Iceland: Commodity specificity of support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.1. Japan: Commodity specificity of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.1. Korea: Commodity specificity of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.1. Mexico: Commodity specificity of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.1. New Zealand: Commodity specificity of support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
11.1. Norway: Commodity specificity of support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
12.1. Switzerland: Commodity specificity of support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
13.1. Turkey: Commodity specificity of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
14.1. United States: Commodity specificity of support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Tables
1.1. Credit to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2. Farm income and farm receipts in selected OECD countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.4. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5. Contribution to changes in Producer Support Estimate by country, 2007to2008 . 43
A.1.1. Selected policy responses to agricultural price fluctuations
andthe financial crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
A.1.2. Contribution to change in Market Price Support by country, 2007to2008 . . . . 62
A.1.3. Contribution to change in Border Price by country, 2007to2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.1. Total agri-environmental payments in selected OECD countries, 1996-2008 . . 95
3.1. Australia: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.1. Canada: Estimates of support to agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.1. European Union: Estimates of support to agriculture (EU27). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.2. European Union: Estimates of support to agriculture (EU25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3. Main Complementary National Direct Payments (CNDPs)
innewmember states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A.5.1. Measures chosen by member states in RDPs for2007-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
A.5.2. EU and National RDP funds by Axis and by member state, 2007-13 . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.1. Iceland: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6 AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN OECD COUNTRIES: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2009 – ISBN 978-92-64-06172-9 – © OECD 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.1. Japan: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2. Japan: Administered prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.3. Japan: Guaranteed prices for calves per head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.1. Korea: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.2. Korea: Outlays for direct payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.3. Korea: Minimum market access for rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.1. Mexico: Estimates of support to agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
10.1. New Zealand: Estimates of support to agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
11.1. Norway: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
12.1. Switzerland: Estimates of support to agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12.2. Switzerland: Outlays for direct payments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
13.1. Turkey: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
13.2. Turkey: Purchasing prices for cereals, sugar and tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
13.3. Turkey: Export subsidy rates, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
14.1. United States: Estimates of support to agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
14.2. United States : Payment rates for crops under the2002 Farm Act
andunder the2008Farm Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
III.1. OECD: Producer Support Estimate by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
III.2. OECD: Consumer Support Estimate by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
III.3. OECD: General Services Support Estimate by country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
III.4. OECD: Total Support Estimate by country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
III.5. OECD: Composition of Producer Support Estimate by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
III.6. OECD: Characteristics of policy support by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
III.7. OECD: Composition of General Services Support Estimate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
III.8. OECD: Producer Single Commodity Transfers (USD million) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
III.9. OECD: Producer Single Commodity Transfers (EUR million) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
III.10. Australia: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
III.11. Canada: Producer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
III.12. European Union: Producer Single Commodity Transfers (EU27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
III.12. European Union: Producer Single Commodity Transfers (EU25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
III.13. Iceland: Producer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
III.14. Japan: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
III.15. Korea: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
III.16. Mexico: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
III.17. New Zealand: Producer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
III.18. Norway: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
III.19. Switzerland: Producer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
III.20. Turkey: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
III.21. United States: Producer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
III.22. OECD: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers (USD million). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
III.23. OECD: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers (EUR million) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
III.24. Australia: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
III.25. Canada: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
III.26. European Union: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers (EU27). . . . . . . . . . . . 251
III.26. European Union: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers (EU25). . . . . . . . . . . . 252
III.27. Iceland: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
III.28. Japan: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN OECD COUNTRIES: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2009 – ISBN 978-92-64-06172-9 – © OECD 2009 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
III.29. Korea: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
III.30. Mexico: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
III.31. New Zealand: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
III.32. Norway: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
III.33. Switzerland: Consumer Single Commodity Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
III.34. Turkey: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
III.35. United States: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
III.36. Australia: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
III.37. Canada: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
III.38. European Union: Payments made on the basis of area, animalnumbers,
receipts or income (EU27). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
III.38. European Union: Payments made on the basis of area, animalnumbers,
receipts or income (EU25). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
III.39. Iceland: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
III.40. Japan: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receiptsor income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
III.41. Korea: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receiptsor income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
III.42. Mexico: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
III.43. New Zealand: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
III.44. Norway: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
III.45. Switzerland: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
III.46. Turkey: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
III.47. United States: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers,
receipts or income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Figures
1.1. Macroeconomic and commodity price indicators inOECDcountries. . . . . . . . . 23
1.2. Resilience of agriculture facing financial and economic crisis:
illustrative sectoral examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3. Evolution of OECD support indicators, 1986-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4. Producer Support Estimate by country, 1986-88and2006-08. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.5. Consumer Support Estimate by country, 1986-88and2006-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.6. OECD: Composition of Producer Support Estimate, 1986-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7. Composition of Producer Support Estimate by country, 1986-88and2006-08 . 48
1.8. Producer Nominal Protection Coefficient by country, 1986-88and2006-08 . . . 49
1.9. OECD: Single Commodity Transfers, 1986-88and2006-08. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.10. Use of payments not requiring production by country, 1986-88and2006-08. . 51
1.11. Payments with input constraints, 1986-88and2006-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8 AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN OECD COUNTRIES: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2009 – ISBN 978-92-64-06172-9 – © OECD 2009