Ageing of Infrastructure: A Life-Cycle Approach

157 Pages·2018·4.162 MB·English

by  Frank Collins, Frédéric Blin

Ageing of Infrastructure

Ageing of Infrastructure
A Life-Cycle Approach
Frank Collins
Frédéric Blin
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Collins, Frank (Engineer), author. | Blin, Frédéric (Engineer), author.
Title: Ageing of infrastructure : a life-cycle approach / Frank Collins
and Frédéric Blin.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references
and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018014612 (print) | LCCN 2018028976 (ebook) | ISBN
9780429849534 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9780429849527 (ePub) | ISBN 9780429849510
( Mobipocket) | ISBN 9781466580855 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN
9780429455704 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Weathering of buildings. | Building materials--Service life.
| Product life cycle.
Classification: LCC TH9039 (ebook) | LCC TH9039 .C65 2018 (print) | DDC
624.1028/8--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018014612
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface xi
About the authors xiii
1 Introduction 1
What is built infrastructure? 1
Construction materials and methods of construction 1
Ageing 2
Historical context 3
Built for a finite life 4
Impact of ageing 4
Key issues to be addressed in this book 6
References 6
2 Contrasting Design Life with Service Life – effects of ageing 7
Introduction 7
Design Life 7
Service Life 10
Second-generation infrastructure 12
Conclusion 14
References 14
3 Mechanisms of ageing 17
Introduction 17
Macro- to nano-scale 17
Case example: size range scaling effects 18
Pathways to ageing 19
v
vi Contents
Mechanisms of ageing 21
Physical interaction 22
Abrasion 23
Freeze-thaw 23
Crystallisation 23
Temperature 23
Permeability 24
Moisture 24
Ultraviolet light 24
Biological interaction 25
Timber 25
Fungi 25
Beetles 25
Termites 25
Teredo 26
Crustaceans 26
Sulphate-reducing bacteria and sulphate-oxidising bacteria 26
Biofilms 26
Structural degradation 27
Chemical 28
Hydrolysis 28
Oxidation 28
Acids 29
Alkalis 29
Ozone 29
Solvents, fuels, alcohols, ketones, esters and aromatics 30
Mechanical 30
Surface wear due to abrasion 30
Cavitation 30
Dynamic actions 31
Shrinkage/swelling 31
Environmental stress cracking 31
Creep 31
Electrochemical corrosion 32
Atmospheric corrosion 33
Galvanic corrosion 33
Pitting and crevice corrosion 34
Concentration cells 34
pH 34
Contents vii
Corrosion combined with physical processes 35
Microbial corrosion 35
High temperature corrosion 36
Stray-current and interference corrosion 36
Corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete 37
Conclusion 39
References 39
4 Environmental exposure 43
Introduction 43
Macro-environment 43
Characterising the macro-environment 44
Comparison of two different macro-environments 45
Meso-environment 46
Airborne salts 46
Airborne pollutants 47
Ultraviolet radiation 47
Surface wetness 48
Underground exposure 48
Acidity 48
Microbiological 49
Oxygen content 50
Stray current corrosion 50
Ground salinity 51
Sulphates 51
‘Soft’ water 51
Meso-environmental mapping 52
Micro-environment 52
Microclimates within a bridge 52
Microclimates within a wharf 54
Underground within marine sediments 56
Urban influences on the microclimate 56
References 57
5 Predictive modelling of ageing 61
Introduction 61
Why utilise predictive models? 62
viii Contents
Types of infrastructure predictive ageing models 62
Sit and wait 62
Empirical 63
Deterministic 63
Mechanistic 64
Probabilistic 65
Reliability of ageing infrastructure 65
Multi-scale 67
Damage simulation and visualisation in 3D 69
Conclusion 73
References 73
6 Whole-of-life engineering for ageing infrastructure 75
Introduction 75
Planning phase 77
Design phase 79
Concept design 79
Design Life requirements 79
Durability design methodology 80
Assessment of macro-environments 81
Categorisation of asset elements – asset register 84
Assessment of deterioration mechanisms 84
Durability risk assessment 86
Performance criteria and future predictions 87
Options analysis and decision-making 89
Durability management plan 90
Collaboration for effective outcomes 91
Detailed design 91
Construction 94
Operations 96
Decommissioning/disposal/reuse 98
Conclusion 99
References 100
7 Health monitoring and intervention strategies 103
Introduction 103
Site surveys, testing and monitoring 104
Sampling and laboratory testing 112
Embedded hard-wired or wireless probes 114
Contents ix
Compiling historical construction/maintenance/
condition/test data from structures 115
Risk profiling based on historical data 116
Risk-based decision-making 116
Intervention strategies 117
Case study: Vietnam bridge maintenance project 122
Background 122
Bridge inspections 123
Bridge assessment 124
Bridge management system 125
Training 125
Inspection and assessment of bridges from Vinh to Dong Ha 125
Repair and strengthening 126
Durability for new construction 127
Conclusion 127
References 128
8 The future 131
Introduction 131
Economic needs of built infrastructure 131
Environmental impacts 132
New construction materials and methods 133
Condition interrogation and testing 133
Building information modelling 134
Asset management 134
Conclusion 135
References 135
Index 137