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Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop : [proceedings] PDF

118 Pages·1994·7.5 MB·English
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Archive Document Historic, Do assume not content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. AFLATOXIN ELIMINATION WORKSHOP Louis Missouri St. . f October 24-25, 1994 . . AFIATOXIN ELIMINATION WORKSHOP St. Louis, Missouri October 24-25, 1994 Aflatoxin is recognized as a serious food safety hazard by most countries of the world. Producing food free of aflatoxin today requires a truly national effort and, particularly, the cooperation of both government and industry. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and the commodity groups representing peanuts, corn, cottonseed, and tree nuts recognize the importance of a strong national research effort to eliminate aflatoxin as a food safety threat This Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop, held in St. Louis, Missouri, is the seventh such yearly meeting held to review the ARS supported aflatoxin research and provide a forum for interested scientists to come together to discuss common problems and their potential solutions among themselves and with members of the industry. Thus, although many of these scientists are performing very fundamental studies researchers and representatives of industries affected by aflatoxin who attend the workshop gain a very clear idea of where their research is leading and the impact it will have on society. Also, this workshop provides the opportunity for gains in cost effectiveness of research by the recognition of cominon approaches and by sharing relevant information across commodities. This workshop has come to be recognized as the premier national meeting for advances leading to methods to eliminate aflatoxin. Research advances were reported in every session of the Workshop. Molecular biology continues to provide basic information that can be used by each prevention strategy to ensure its success. With the characterization of the regulatory gene for aflatoxin biosynthesis, we now have the tools for detecting how aflatoxin biosynthesis is turned on and what parameters, environmental or otherwise, are required for onset of this process. Highly competitive natural strains, even though they are aflatoxin nonproducers have many of , the enzymes and genes for biosynthesis while noncompetitive strains do not produce these enzymes This suggests a role of some . aflatoxin-related genes in survival of the fungus Sources of resistance for incorporation in breeding programs have been identified in both peanut and corn breeding lines Complete . freedom from fungal infection of almond seed continues to be observed in genotypes with a completely sealed endocarp suggesting this as the most promising resistance breeding strategy. A transformation protocol has been developed that allows the routine introduction of foreign genes into peanut tissue and the regeneration of transgenic plants A number of groups have . transformed or will in the near future transform walnut^, peanut^ and cotton with genes that encode lytic peptides /proteins the genes that are currently most promising to confer resistance to A. flavus. Analyses of both infecting fungal strains and aflatoxin content of infected cottonseed demonstrated that the extent of contamination of cottonseed both in test plots and in the untreated commercial crop was related to both dispersal and the complexity of infection. Reduction in toxin content in coinfected seed is probably attributable to competition for both infection sites and nutrients. studies demonstrated that sap beetles, which are a known vector of Aspergillus species to several crops, will also carry biocontrol organism to corn. An expert system, which is well along in development to prevent aflatoxin contamination of peanut, is now being developed to minimize contamination of corn grown in the South. Most of the research is performed by the ARS, however an important addition to this core effort is provided through a competitive award program provided by Congressional appropriations. This program is a unique effort of the ARS and representatives of the peanut, corn, cotton, and tree nut industries. By extending the opportunity for the best university scientists to join the highly focused multithrust program, the rate of progress toward the elimination of aflatoxin is enhanced. y?\gricultural Research Service Workshop Program Coordinator November 22, 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS ATIATOXIN ELIMINATION WORKSHOP ABSTRACTS OF PRESENTATIONS Page CROP RESISTANCE - CONVENTIONAL BREEDING Identification of Peanut: Germplasm Kith Resistance to 1 Preharvest Aflatoxln Contamination C. C. Holbrook, D.M, Wilson, and M.E. Matheron;. USDA, ARS and University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, and University of Arizona, Sommerton, AZ Aflatoxln Accumulation In Seed of Ten Peanut Genotypes 2 Inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus D.M. Wilson and C.C. Holbrook, University of Georgia and USDA, ARS, Tifton, GA Aflatoxln Contamination of 'Resistant' and 'Susceptible' 3 Com Belt Hybrids Grown at Neslaco, Texas, 1993 D-T. Wicklow, M. Miles and J. Dunlap, USDA, ARS, Peoria, IL, Ciba Seeds, Lincoln, IL, and Texas A&M, Weslaco, TX Com Evaluation of Various Hybrids for Resistance to 4 Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxln K.W. Campbell, D.G. White, and A.M. Hamblin, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Selection of Corn Genotypes Resistant to Aspergillus 5 flavus Ear Rot, Kernel Infection, and Aflatoxln K.W. Campbell and D.G. White, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, G.E. Scott and Natale Zummo, USDA, ARS, Mississippi State, MS, and N. Widstrom, USDA, ARS, Tifton, GA Inheritance of Resistance to Aspergillus £lavus and 6 Aflatoxln with Sources of Resistance Identified at the University of Illinois D.G. White, K.W. Campbell, and T.R. Rocheford, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Detecting Corn Germplasm with Resistance to Aflatoxln 8 Production In Kernel Extracts C.A. Martinson, A.D. Wright, Iowa State University, Ames, lA Effect of Pollen Genotype on Kernel Infection by 9 Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxln Contamination of Corn Grain G.E. Scott, W.P. Williams, and N. Zummo, USDA, ARS, Mississippi, MS Breeding for Reslstsmce to Aflatoxln Contamination in 10 Almond T. Gradziel, M.A- Thorpe, N. Hirsch, and J. McDonnel, University of California, Davis, CA PANEL DISCUSSION SUMMARY: CAN WE IDENTIFY AND UTILIZE 11 AFLATOXIN RESISTANCE IN GERMPLASM? D. Wicklow, C. Holbrook, D. Wilson, T. Gradziel, and T. Rocheford. Chaired by D. White, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Page CROP RESISTANCE - GENETIC ENGINEERING Development: of Gene Delivery Systzems Capable of Introducing 12 Aspergillus flavrxs-Resis-tance Genes into Peanuts Z. Li, M. Cheng, and J.W. Demski, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA Progress in the Development of Transgenic Peanut Kith 13 Enhanced Resistance to Fungi A. Weissinger, L. Urban, R. Cade, K. Sampson, G. Payne^, T.E. Cleveland^, P. Ozias-Akins^, and Mike Adang^, ^North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, ^USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA, ^University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, and' ^University of Georgia, Athens, GA Genetic Engineering of Peanut - Insertion of Four Genes 14 that May Offer Disease Resistance Strategies P. Ozias-Akins, C. Singsit, R. Gill, A. Wang^, M. Adang^, R. Lynch^ and A. Weissinger^, ^University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, ^University of Georgia, Athens, GA, ^USDA ARS, Tifton, GA, and ''North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Transformation and Regeneration of Cotton to Yield 15 In^roved Resistance to A. flavus C. A. Chlan, L. Junmin, The University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, and J. Cary and T.E. Cleveland, USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA Construction of Transformation Vectors Expressing 16 Resistance Genes to A, flavus in Cotton J.W. Cary, A.J. Delucca, and T.E. Cleveland, USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA; C. Chlan and J. Lin, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA Antifungal Activity of Osmotin on Various Fungi in Vitro 17 L.R. Todd, M. Paino D'Urzo, P.M. Hasegawa, and R.A. Bressan, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Progress in Engineering Walnuts for Resistance to 18 Aspergillus flavus A. Dandekar, G. McGranahan, M.L. Mendum, and S. Uratsu, University of California, Davis, CA Control of Aflatoxin Contamination through Enhancement of 19 Genes/Traits Suppressing Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin T.E. Cleveland, J.W. Cary, R.L. Brown, A.J. Delucca, D. Bhatnagar, USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA; C.A. Chlan, J. Lin, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA; G.A. Payne, R. Boston, A. Mehta, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC; and J.S. Russin^ B. Guo, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Mechanisms of Maize Kernel Resistance Against Aspergillus 21 flavus and/or Aflatoxin Contamination R.L. Brown, T.E. Cleveland^ G.A. Payne^, CP. Woloshuk^, K.W. Campbell, and D.G. White\ ^USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA, ^North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, ^Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and '^University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

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