Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop : [proceedings]

118 Pages·1994·7.5 MB·English

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AFLATOXIN ELIMINATION WORKSHOP
Louis Missouri
St.
. f
October 24-25, 1994

. .
AFIATOXIN ELIMINATION WORKSHOP
St. Louis, Missouri
October 24-25, 1994
Aflatoxin is recognized as a serious food safety hazard by most
countries of the world. Producing food free of aflatoxin today
requires a truly national effort and, particularly, the cooperation
of both government and industry. The Agricultural Research Service
(ARS) and the commodity groups representing peanuts, corn,
cottonseed, and tree nuts recognize the importance of a strong
national research effort to eliminate aflatoxin as a food safety
threat
This Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop, held in St. Louis, Missouri, is
the seventh such yearly meeting held to review the ARS supported
aflatoxin research and provide a forum for interested scientists to
come together to discuss common problems and their potential
solutions among themselves and with members of the industry. Thus,
although many of these scientists are performing very fundamental
studies researchers and representatives of industries affected by
aflatoxin who attend the workshop gain a very clear idea of where
their research is leading and the impact it will have on society.
Also, this workshop provides the opportunity for gains in cost
effectiveness of research by the recognition of cominon approaches
and by sharing relevant information across commodities. This
workshop has come to be recognized as the premier national meeting
for advances leading to methods to eliminate aflatoxin.
Research advances were reported in every session of the Workshop.
Molecular biology continues to provide basic information that can be
used by each prevention strategy to ensure its success. With the
characterization of the regulatory gene for aflatoxin biosynthesis,
we now have the tools for detecting how aflatoxin biosynthesis is
turned on and what parameters, environmental or otherwise, are
required for onset of this process. Highly competitive natural
strains, even though they are aflatoxin nonproducers have many of
,
the enzymes and genes for biosynthesis while noncompetitive strains
do not produce these enzymes This suggests a role of some
.
aflatoxin-related genes in survival of the fungus
Sources of resistance for incorporation in breeding programs have
been identified in both peanut and corn breeding lines Complete
.
freedom from fungal infection of almond seed continues to be
observed in genotypes with a completely sealed endocarp suggesting
this as the most promising resistance breeding strategy. A
transformation protocol has been developed that allows the routine
introduction of foreign genes into peanut tissue and the
regeneration of transgenic plants A number of groups have
.
transformed or will in the near future transform walnut^, peanut^ and
cotton with genes that encode lytic peptides /proteins the genes
that are currently most promising to confer resistance to A. flavus.
Analyses of both infecting fungal strains and aflatoxin content of
infected cottonseed demonstrated that the extent of contamination of
cottonseed both in test plots and in the untreated commercial crop
was related to both dispersal and the complexity of infection.
Reduction in toxin content in coinfected seed is probably
attributable to competition for both infection sites and nutrients.
studies demonstrated that sap beetles, which are a known vector of
Aspergillus species to several crops, will also carry biocontrol
organism to corn. An expert system, which is well along in
development to prevent aflatoxin contamination of peanut, is now
being developed to minimize contamination of corn grown in the
South.
Most of the research is performed by the ARS, however an important
addition to this core effort is provided through a competitive award
program provided by Congressional appropriations. This program is a
unique effort of the ARS and representatives of the peanut, corn,
cotton, and tree nut industries. By extending the opportunity for
the best university scientists to join the highly focused
multithrust program, the rate of progress toward the elimination of
aflatoxin is enhanced.
y?\gricultural Research Service
Workshop Program Coordinator
November 22, 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ATIATOXIN ELIMINATION WORKSHOP
ABSTRACTS OF PRESENTATIONS
Page
CROP RESISTANCE - CONVENTIONAL BREEDING
Identification of Peanut: Germplasm Kith Resistance to 1
Preharvest Aflatoxln Contamination
C. C. Holbrook, D.M, Wilson, and M.E. Matheron;. USDA, ARS and
University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, and University of Arizona,
Sommerton, AZ
Aflatoxln Accumulation In Seed of Ten Peanut Genotypes 2
Inoculated with Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus
D.M. Wilson and C.C. Holbrook, University of Georgia and
USDA, ARS, Tifton, GA
Aflatoxln Contamination of 'Resistant' and 'Susceptible' 3
Com
Belt Hybrids Grown at Neslaco, Texas, 1993
D-T. Wicklow, M. Miles and J. Dunlap, USDA, ARS, Peoria, IL,
Ciba Seeds, Lincoln, IL, and Texas A&M, Weslaco, TX
Com
Evaluation of Various Hybrids for Resistance to 4
Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxln
K.W. Campbell, D.G. White, and A.M. Hamblin, University
of Illinois, Urbana, IL
Selection of Corn Genotypes Resistant to Aspergillus 5
flavus Ear Rot, Kernel Infection, and Aflatoxln
K.W. Campbell and D.G. White, University of Illinois,
Urbana, IL, G.E. Scott and Natale Zummo, USDA, ARS,
Mississippi State, MS, and N. Widstrom, USDA, ARS,
Tifton, GA
Inheritance of Resistance to Aspergillus £lavus and 6
Aflatoxln with Sources of Resistance Identified at the
University of Illinois
D.G. White, K.W. Campbell, and T.R. Rocheford, University
of Illinois, Urbana, IL
Detecting Corn Germplasm with Resistance to Aflatoxln
8
Production In Kernel Extracts
C.A. Martinson, A.D. Wright, Iowa State University, Ames, lA
Effect of Pollen Genotype on Kernel Infection by 9
Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxln Contamination of
Corn Grain
G.E. Scott, W.P. Williams, and N. Zummo, USDA, ARS,
Mississippi, MS
Breeding for Reslstsmce to Aflatoxln Contamination in 10
Almond
T. Gradziel, M.A- Thorpe, N. Hirsch, and J. McDonnel,
University of California, Davis, CA
PANEL DISCUSSION SUMMARY: CAN WE IDENTIFY AND UTILIZE 11
AFLATOXIN RESISTANCE IN GERMPLASM?
D. Wicklow, C. Holbrook, D. Wilson, T. Gradziel, and
T. Rocheford. Chaired by D. White, University of Illinois,
Urbana, IL
Page
CROP RESISTANCE - GENETIC ENGINEERING
Development: of Gene Delivery Systzems Capable of Introducing 12
Aspergillus flavrxs-Resis-tance Genes into Peanuts
Z. Li, M. Cheng, and J.W. Demski, University of Georgia,
Tifton, GA
Progress in the Development of Transgenic Peanut Kith 13
Enhanced Resistance to Fungi
A. Weissinger, L. Urban, R. Cade, K. Sampson, G. Payne^,
T.E. Cleveland^, P. Ozias-Akins^, and Mike Adang^, ^North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, ^USDA, ARS,
New Orleans, LA, ^University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, and'
^University of Georgia, Athens, GA
Genetic Engineering of Peanut - Insertion of Four Genes 14
that May Offer Disease Resistance Strategies
P. Ozias-Akins, C. Singsit, R. Gill, A. Wang^, M. Adang^,
R. Lynch^ and A. Weissinger^, ^University of Georgia, Tifton,
GA, ^University of Georgia, Athens, GA, ^USDA ARS, Tifton,
GA, and ''North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Transformation and Regeneration of Cotton to Yield 15
In^roved Resistance to A. flavus
C. A. Chlan, L. Junmin, The University of Southwestern
Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, and J. Cary and T.E. Cleveland,
USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA
Construction of Transformation Vectors Expressing 16
Resistance Genes to A, flavus in Cotton
J.W. Cary, A.J. Delucca, and T.E. Cleveland, USDA, ARS,
New Orleans, LA; C. Chlan and J. Lin, University of
Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, LA
Antifungal Activity of Osmotin on Various Fungi in Vitro 17
L.R. Todd, M. Paino D'Urzo, P.M. Hasegawa, and R.A. Bressan,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Progress in Engineering Walnuts for Resistance to 18
Aspergillus flavus
A. Dandekar, G. McGranahan, M.L. Mendum, and S. Uratsu,
University of California, Davis, CA
Control of Aflatoxin Contamination through Enhancement of 19
Genes/Traits Suppressing Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin
T.E. Cleveland, J.W. Cary, R.L. Brown, A.J. Delucca,
D. Bhatnagar, USDA, ARS, New Orleans, LA; C.A. Chlan,
J. Lin, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette,
LA; G.A. Payne, R. Boston, A. Mehta, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, NC; and J.S. Russin^ B. Guo,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Mechanisms of Maize Kernel Resistance Against Aspergillus 21
flavus and/or Aflatoxin Contamination
R.L. Brown, T.E. Cleveland^ G.A. Payne^, CP. Woloshuk^,
K.W. Campbell, and D.G. White\ ^USDA ARS, New Orleans, LA,
^North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, ^Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, and '^University of Illinois,
Urbana, IL