Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation PDF
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Afghanistan and the Soviet Union Afghanistan and the Soviet Union Collision and Transformation EDITED BY Milan Hauner and Robert L. Canfield First published 1989 by Westview Press, Inc. Published 2018 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1989 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Afghanistan and the Soviet Union : collision and transformation / edited by Milan Hauner and Robert L. Canfield. p. em. Includes bibliographies and index. ISBN 0-8133-7575-4 1. Afghanistan-Relations-Soviet Union. 2. Soviet Union- Relations-Afghanistan. 3. Afghanistan-History-Soviet Occupation, 1979- . 4. Soviet Central Asia-Strategic aspects. 5. Afghanistan-Strategic aspects. I. Hauner, Milan. II. Canfield, Robert L. DS357.6.S65A34 1989 303.4'82581'047-dc19 88-28691 CIP ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01216-8 (hbk) Contents List of Tables and Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix List of Contributors xi Introduction, Milan Hauner 1 PART ONE THE HUMAN FACTOR 1 The Collision of Evolutionary Process and Islamic Ideology in Greater Central Asia, Robert L. Canfield 13 2 The Mujahedin and the Preservation of Afghan Culture, Olivier Roy 40 3 The Sovietization of Afghanistan, Olivier Roy 48 PART TWO THE GEOPOLITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE 4 Central Asia and the Soviet "Midlands": Regional Position and Economic Integration, Leslie Dienes 61 5 Afghanistan Resources and Soviet Policy in Central and South Asia, John F. Shrader, Jr. 101 6 Afghanistan and the Transport Infrastructures of Turkestan, Victor L. Mote 120 7 The Soviet Geostrategic Dilemma, Milan Hauner 160 Conclusion, Robert L. Canfield 195 Maps 201 Index 211 v Tables and Illustrations Tables 4.1 Distribution of supplies, shipment, and consumption of fruits and vegetables, 1970 and 1979 73 4.2 Ratio of nominal employment over actual average yearly employment in the state and collective farm sectors 85 4.3 Participation of kholkhozniki in socialist production of Kirgiz collective farms 86 4.4 Growth of wages, labor productivity, and capitalization in Uzbek agriculture, 1965-1983 89 6.1 Relative shares of population, territory, industry, and resources 132 6.2 Soviet Turkestan, 1913-1984: Length of railroads, waterways, highways, and pipelines 134 7.1 Deployment of Soviet armed forces, 1986 169 Maps 1 Railroads of Greater Central Asia 203 2 The development of railroads in the Russian/Soviet Midlands 204 3 Oil fields and pipelines of the Soviet Midlands 205 4 Gas fields and pipelines of the Soviet Midlands and Afghanistan 206 5 Transport infrastructure in Afghanistan 207 6 Mineral resources in Afghanistan 208 7 The development of infrastructure on the Afghanistan- Soviet border 209 8 Major transport arteries of Eurasia 210 Photos Bridge crossing the Oxus River (at Hairatan) from Afghanistan into the Soviet Union 19 Celebration of the opening of the Oxus River Bridge 19 Natural gas pumping station near Shibarghan in northern Afghanistan 143 North portal of the Salang Tunnel, Hindu Kush Mountains 173 vii Acknowledgments The editors are indebted to the Foreign Policy Research Institute for supporting the initial discussions from which this volume was developed. In addition, the editors would like to thank the following individuals for special services and for assistance: Michael L. Bennett for producing the maps; John F. Shroder, Jr., for permitting the use of his photographs and providing much helpful counsel on the maps; and Diane 0. Bennett for her skillful assistance on difficult editorial problems. Robert Canfield is indebted to Kathleen Laird for comments on his chapter, to Sara Pirtle for assistance in reviewing the economic sources, and to Kathleen Laird, Mary Kennedy, and Jennifer Day for production assistance at an early stage. The editors are especially grateful to Aimee Fishkind Campbell, who took responsibility for the seemingly endless details of preparing the final version of the manuscript for press. Milan Hauner Robert L. Canfield ix
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