Aerosol measurement : principles, techniques, and applications

976 Pages·2001·110.565 MB·English

by  Paul A Baron, Klaus Willeke

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AEROSOL a
MEASUREMENT
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Principles, Techniques,
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and Applications a
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SECOND EDITION

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Edited by
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Paul A. Baron, Ph.D.
Physical Scientist t
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Cincinnati, OH
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Klaus Willeke, Ph.D.
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Professor
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Department of Environmental Health
University of Cincyinnati
Cincinnati, OH
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WILEY-
INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
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This book is printed on acid-free paper. @
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Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. AU rights reserved.
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Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, pihotocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections
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For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques, and applications / [edited] by Paul A. Baron and
Klaus WCilleke.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-471-35636-0 (cloth)
1. Aerosols—Measurement. 2. Air—Pollution—Measurement. I. Baron, Paul A., 1944-
II. Willeke, Klaus.
TD884.5 .A33 2001
628.5'3'0287-dc21 2001017845
Printed in the United States of America.
10 98765432
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
PREFACE

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We dedicate this edition of Aerosol Measurement to two aerosol scientists, Professor
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David Swift and Professor Kvetoslav Spurny, both of whom have contributed to the current
edition. Professor Swift, who provided many insights into the transeport of aerosols within
the respiratory system (Chapter 36), died in 1997 (obituary in Aerosol Science and
Technology 1998,28[4]). Professor Spurny died in 1999 (obituary in Aerosol Science and Tech-
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nology 2000, 32[3]), only days after submitting a treatise on aerosol measurement history
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(Chapter 1). Both scientists made significant contributions to the aerosol community and will
be greatly missed.
The measurement of aerosols has been practiced wiMdely for several decades. Until the
late 1980s, the development of new measurement methods was primarily motivated by the
need to evaluate particulate pollution control devices and to find better means of monitor-
ing indoor and outdoor aerosols. During the past several years, industry has become increas-
ingly interested in modern aerosol measuremen t methods, not only to protect the health
of their workers, as required by law, but alsod to increase productivity and, thereby, gain
competitive advantage. For instance, in the production of semiconductor circuit boards a
single submicrometer-sized particle may spoil the circuit if it adheres to the board where a
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circuit of submicrometer dimensions is being deposited. As a consequence, the number
of undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in aerosol science and measurement
has risen dramatically in recent years.t The increased importance of this field is also evidenced
by the creation and rapid growth of aerosol research associations, such as the American
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Association for Aerosol Research and several other national associations (a list is provided
in Chapter 2).
In Part I of this book weg present the fundamentals relevant for novices to this field,
utilizing approaches developed in over 20 years of teaching university courses on aerosol
science and measuremenit. Because we expect many readers to be air pollution regulators,
industrial hygienists, anrd environmental scientists or engineers, we have applied our experi-
ence in teaching short courses to practitioners: The chapters in Part I stress the physics and
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give useful equations but avoid lengthy scientific derivations.
Almost all of the equations in the book have been incorporated into a spreadsheet
program (freely pavailable on the Internet) that is described in Chapter 2, allowing the reader
to easily perform calculations and plot results. We believe that this can greatly aid in under-
standing aerosol mechanics and predicting behavior in experimental systems.
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We have authored or co-authored several of the first chapters to provide models for the
remaining chapter contributions in order to achieve a uniform style and a consistent struc-
ture inC the book. Readers familiar with the principles of aerosol measurement can find details
on specific instrumental techniques in Part II. Many of the chapters in Parts I and II offer
sample calculations, thus making the book suitable for use as a teaching text. The practitioner
concerned with the special requirements of his or her field, such as industrial hygiene or
industrial aerosol processing, can find aerosol measurement applications in Part III. The
bringing together of many applications fields by experts enables the reader to look into the
practices of related fields so that technology transfer and adaptations may result.
Aerosol Measurement was first published in 1993. Since then, the original publisher, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, was purchased and absorbed by John Wiley and Sons. This new edition
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
of Aerosol Measurement contains new chapters and authors. Many of the original chapters
have been significantly upgraded, reflecting the latest scientific and technological advances.
Several authors retired as aerosol practitioners or moved into other areas and thus did
not want to contribute to this edition. We wish them all the best and hope that the new

chapters fulfill the purpose of this book as well as the original ones did.
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We thank all the contributors for generously providing their time and effort so that their
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expertise is available to the aerosol and associated communities. We also thank our wives
Diane (P.A.B.) and Audrone (K.W.) for their support during the assembly of the two editions
this book. i
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Paul A. Baron, Ph.D.
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Cincinnati, Ohio
Klaus Willeke, Ph.D.
t Cincinnati, Ohio
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Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS

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ROMAN SYMBOLS
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a particle radius
amu atomic mass units
t
A area
a
atomic mass
B particle mobility (m/N-s); Eq. 4-14
cm mass concentration (g/m3, mg/m3, ug/m3) M
c number concentration (particles/m3)
n
c particle charge concentration (C/m3)
q
C concentration of solute in solvent (m3/m3)
C slip correction factor; Eqs. 4-8,4-9
c
C drag coefficient; Eqs. 4-19, 4-23,4-24d
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d diameter of an object, such as a particle (m, um)
characteristic dimension of an object (m)
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spatial dimension
d aerodynamic diameter (m, um); Eqs. 3-2, 3-3,4-30
a
d particle diameter (m, um)t
p
d envelope equivalent diameter (m, um)
e h
dp mass equivalent diameter (m, um); Eq. 4-21
d mean particle diameter
p
d Stokes diameter (mg, um)
s
d median particle diameter (m, um)
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D diffusion coefficiient of particle (m2/s); Eq. 3-13
Tube diameterr
Df fractal dimension of an object
Z) diffusion cyoefficient of vapor molecule (m2/s); Eq. 4-4
v
e charge on an electron (1.6 x 10"19C)
/ frequepncy (Hz, s"1)
E electric field (V/m)
total efficiency of a filter; Eq. 9-1
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energy
F force on particle (N)
g Cgravitational constant (m/s2)
G gray level
h height (m)
H height of a chamber or duct (m)
molecular accommodation coefficient; Eq. 4-51
/ number of charges (also n)
intensity of light or radiation (J/s-m2)
electric current (amp)
/ flux of gas molecules or ions (number/s-m2)
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
k Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10~23 J/K)
thermal conductivity (W/m-K)
k proportionality constant for radius of gyration; Eq. 23-9
Q
K coagulation coefficient (m3/s); Eq. 5-9

K wall loss rate; Eq. 33-8
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L length, light path length (m, um)
a
m refractive index
ra particle mass (g, mg, jig, ng)
p
M gram molecular weight (g/cm3) i
Af number concentration (number/m3) r
N particle concentration (number/m3)
p e
n molecular concentration (number/m3)
number of unit charges (also i)
number of particles t
number of measurements a
p partial pressure (N/m2, Pa, atm)
ion polarity
p saturation vapor pressure (N/m2, Pa, atm) M
s
P pressure (N/m2, Pa, atm)
penetration fraction
scattered light flux

Pe Peclet number; Eq. 4-16
d
q charge on a particle (C)
light-scattering vector
Q flow rate (m3/s) e
Qe particle extinction efficiency
r distance between two particles (m)
t
radial distance (m)
particle radius (m; um) h
R specific gas constant (N-m/K-kg), Eq. 3-3
ratio g
fractal particle perimeter radius
resolution
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R radius of gyration; Eq. 23-12
g
R universal gasr constant (8.31 x 107 dyne cm/K mole); Eq. 4-3
u
Re{ flow Reynyolds number; Eqs. 4-1,4-2
Re particle Reynolds number; Eqs. 4-1,4-2
p
Re particle Reynolds number under initial conditions; Eq. 4-37
0 p
s signal
S stopping distance (m, um); Eqs. 4-36,4-37
Southerland constant (K), Eq. 4-10
particle emission rate; Eq. 33-8
signal
C
Sc Schmidt number; Eq. 4-17
Sh Sherwood number; Eq. 8-57
S saturation ratio; Eq. 5-2
R
Stk Stokes number; Eq. 4-39
t half life or half time; Eq. 5-12
m
T temperature (K, 0C)
transmittance
U gas velocity (m/s)
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
sampling velocity (m/s)
output signal of a photometer (V)
U ambient gas velocity (m/s)
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va sampled air volume (m3)
Vp particle volume (m3)
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V velocity of particle relative to gas (m/s)
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_ potential (V)
V average molecular velocity (m/s); Eq. 4—5
V particle velocity (m/s) i
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V initial velocity of a particle (m/s) r
0
Vts terminal settling velocity (m/s); Eq. 4—28
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x distance in x direction (m)
jc root mean square Brownian motion in the x direction (m); Eq. 4-15
rms
Z electrical mobility (m2/V-s); Eq. 4-45 t
atomic number a
M
Greek Symbols
a coefficient in slip correction equation; Eq. 4-8

thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
d
attachment coefficient
P coefficient in slip correction equation; Eq. 4-8
length to width ratio, aspect ratieo
frequency of ion attachment; Eq. 18-10
flow rate ratio; Eq. 18-31
t
V coefficient in slip correction equation; Eq. 4-8
surface tension (N/m) h
specific heat ratio
5 limiting sphere radiugs for ion transport; Eq. 18-9
e dielectric constant
r\ dynamic viscosity (P, N-m/s)
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efficiency
r
6 angle (rad, °)
K relative peyrmittivity
X mean free path (m, urn)
wavelength (m, urn)
p
\i mass absorption coefficient
v kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
p eoffective density that includes voids (kg/m3)
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Pi fluid density (kg/m3)
p gas density (kg/m3)
g C
PP particle density (kg/m3)
o standard deviation; Eq. 22-2
(Tg geometric standard deviation
T relaxation time of particle; Eq. 4-34
0 angle (rad, °)
% dynamic shape factor
Q) angular velocity (rad/s)
Q transfer function
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
Subscripts
a air or gas
aspiration

ac alternating current
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B mobility equivalent
a
c cylinder
d droplet, droplet surface
drag i
dc direct current r
dep deposition
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diff in a diffusiophoretic field
e effective
elec in an electric field t
ev equivalent volume a
f flow
fluid
M
fiber
fractal
g geometric
gas

grav in a gravity field
d
i initial
individual
j jet e
n number
m mass
t
mob mobility
h
p particle
r reference to NTP
s saturation conditiong
sonic speed of sound
th in a thermal gradient field
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ts terminal settling under influence of gravity
r
trans transmission
0 initial conydition
oo far from particle surface
p
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Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
CONTRIBUTORS LIST

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URS BALTENSPERGER, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Swritzerland
PAUL A. BARON, National Institute for Occupational Safety and eHealth, MS R-3, 4676
Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226
PRATIM BISWAS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Camtpus Box 1180, Washington
University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899
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JOHN E. BROCKMANN, Sandia National Laboratories, Dept 9114-Mail Stop 0827,
Albuquerque, NM 87185-0834 M
HEINZ BURTSCHER, Fachhochschule Aargau, University of Applied Science, CH-5210
Windisch, Switzerland

BRUCE K. CANTRELL, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh
Research Laboratory, Bldg 152,626 Cohrans Mdill Rd., P.O. Box 18070, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-
0070
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BEAN T. CHEN, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 3030,1095 WiI-
lowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505-2845
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YUNG SUNG-CHENG, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, P.O. Box 5890, Albuquerque,
NM 87185 h
JUDITH C. CHOW, Desert Research Institute, University and Community College System of
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Nevada, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512-1095
BEVERLY S. COHEN, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environ-
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mental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Rd., Tuxedo, NY 10987
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DOUGLAS W. COOPERy, The Texwipe Company, LLC, 650 E. Crescent Ave., Upper Saddle
River, NJ 07458-1827
CHATTEN COWHpERD, JC, Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Blvd., Kansas City, MO
64110-2299
E. JAMES oDAVIS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA 98915-1750
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ROBERT P. DONOVAN, L&M Technologies, Inc., 4209 Balloon Park Rd., Albuquerque, NM
87109
RICHARD C. FLAGAN, California Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering Dept., 1200
E. California Blvd, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125
ROBERT A. FLETCHER, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemistry A 113,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Josef Gebhart, Kirchbornstrasse 13, D-63128 Dietzenbach, Germany
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com
SERGEY GRINSHPUN, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, P.O.
Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056
WILLIAM A. HEITBRINK, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS R-5,
4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati OH 45226
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ANTHONY J. HICKEY, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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27599-7360
WILLIAM C. HINDS, School of Public Health, UCLA, 10833 LeContre Ave., Los Angeles, CA
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90024-1772
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MARK D. HOOVER, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, P.O. Box 5890, Albuquerque,
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NM 87185-5890
PAUL A. JENSEN, National Institute for Occupational Safety atnd Health, 1095 Willowdale
Rd., Morgantown, VA 26505
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WALTER JOHN, Particle Science, 195 Grover Lane, Walnut Creek, CA 94956
MURRAY V. JOHNSTON, Department of Chemistry and BiMochemistry, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE 19716
JORMA KESKINEN, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Tampere University
of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere , Finland
Toivo T. KODAS, Superior Powder Techniquesd, 3740 Hawkins NE, Albuquerque, NM 87109
MATTHEW LANDIS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MD-47, Office of Research and
Development, National Exposure Laboraetory, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711
KEN W. LEE, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental
Science and Engineering, 572 Sangamt-dong, Kwangsan-ku, Kwangju, 50-6303, South Korea
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VIRGIL MARPLE, University of Minnesota, 142 Mechanical Engineering, 111 Church St, SE,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
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MALAY K. MAZUMDER, Department of Applied Science, University of Arkansas at Little
Rock, 2801 S. University, Little Rock, AR 72204-1009
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ANDREW D. MAYNARD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS R-3,4676
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Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226
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OWEN R. MOSS, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park,
Durham, NC 27709-2137
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R. MUKUND, GE Power Systems, 111 Merchant Street, MD: S-30, Cincinnati, OH 45246
AINO NEVoALAINEN, National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental
Biology, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland
GEORGCE J. NEWTON, 449 Graceland SE, Albuquerque, NM 87185-5890
GARY NORRIS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MD-47, Office of Research and
Development, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711
TIMOTHY J. O'HERN, Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, MS 0834,
Albuquerque, NM 87185-0834
BERNARD A. OLSON, University of Minnesota, 125 Mechanical Engineering Building, 111
Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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