ISSN: 0889-3144 Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics R.A. Ridha and M. Theves Rapra Review Reports Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics Volume 7, Number 5, 1994 RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. Untitled-3 1 5/5/2012 4:46:39 PM RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS Expert Overviews covering the Science and Technology of Rubber and Plastics Series Editor: Rebecca Dolbey, Rapra Technology Limited Rapra Review Reports are a series of reviews, written by commissioned experts, and covering wide ranging subjects of particular interest and importance in polymer science and technology. Coverage includes materials, processing technologies, applications, properties and testing. Each report contains a state-of-the-art review, supported by a comprehensive bibliography, including a summary of every title listed and a subject index. The bibliographies are compiled from the Rapra Abstracts database, the World's most comprehensive source of information on rubbers, plastics and polymer-based composites. The database contains over 500,000 records dating from 1972 to the present. It is available online via a number of hosts, or on CD-ROM, or as a monthly abstracts journal. For further information on Rapra Abstracts please contact Rapra at the address below. © Copyright 1997 Rapra Technology Limited ISSN: 0889-3144 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical: photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Twelve Rapra Review Reports are published per volume, and in addition to being available individually, they can also be purchased on subscription at an advantageous price. Price per report UK£70 Overseas £75 Subscription Price for 12 reports (Volume 9) UK £470 Overseas £520 Overseas prices include airmail delivery. RAPRA Rapra Technology Limited Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY 4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 TECHNOLOGY LTD. http://www.rapra.net e-mail: [email protected] RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS Rapra Review Reports provide detailed state-of-the-art reviews, combined with comprehensive bibliographic information from the Rapra Abstracts database, on wide-ranging subjects of particular interest and importance in polymer science and technology. Topics are identified by the editor as being of significant current interest primarily on the basis of the quantity of important information being published in the field, as well as by the volume of enquiries and other information coming into the Rapra Information Centre. Coverage includes materials, processing techniques and applications. Each report comprises three sections, as follows: 1 A detailed state-of-the-art review written by an acknowledged expert identified by the editor, which refers primarily to the References and Abstracts section following. (Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from this section). However, where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the normal scope of the Rapra database, these are listed at the end of the section, and referred to in the text as a.l, a.2 etc. 2 A comprehensive References and Abstracts section resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts database. The format and content of these entries is outlined in the sample record below. The Rapra Abstracts database contains approximately 300,000 records from sources including journals, conference proceedings, trade literature, specifications and books, dating back to 1972. Coverage is international, and a significant number of foreign language publications are included; where such papers are cited in Rapra Review Reports the language of the original article is given after the reference, and an English abstract is generally supplied. 3 An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the controlled terms which are used to identify records when searching the database online. SAMPLE RECORD Item J Source------ Kunst.Plast. 32,No.ll ,Nov.1985, p.IO-1 German --------------- Language (unless in English) Title------ HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES Geschwill W Author Organisational Source - BASF AG Developments in high performance composites are considered with particular attention being paid to carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resins. Activities of BASF in this field are described and information is given on the formation of BASF Structural Materials. The company's calendering facilities for CFRP prepreg manufacture are discussed as is the production of finished articles from such prepregs. Cost-- Abstract comparisons are made with metals, e.g. aluminium, for applications in the aircraft industry. Properties, especially mechanical behaviour, are described and compared with those of steel. BASF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Companies or Organisations Geographical ---- USA; WEST GERMANY Mentioned Location Copyquest Order No. 310405 Previous Titles Still Available Volume 1 Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough. Volume 3 Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton. Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, Associates. N.W Sandland and MJ. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology. Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. HoIIaway, Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, IT Barrie, University of Surrey. Consultant. Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant. P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, University of Bradford. Report 28 Adhesives for Structural Engineering Applications, e. O'ReiIIy, Loctite (Ireland) Report 1I Communications Applications of Polymers, Ltd. R. Spratiing, British Telecom. Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, e.F. Britton, Corrosion Monitoring R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Consultancy. Ancillaries. Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, WN. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Volume 2 HarwelI. Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London H.W Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd. School of Polymer Technology. Report 32 Fluoroelastomers -Properties and Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd. SA. Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. WiIIiams and T. Daniels, Applications, G. Woods, Consultant. T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, DJ. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Petrochemicals Inc. Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications D. Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd. of Polymers, J.e. Garnaud, Secretary General, International Committee Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health for Plastics in Agriculture. and Environmental Concerns, MJ. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.e. Fox, Plasrrech Ltd. Volume 4 Report 20 Pultrusion, L. HoIIaway, Department of Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, Civil Engineering. University of Surrey. WW Wright, University of Surrey. Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Report 38 Epoxy Resins, Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd. K.A. Hodd, Brunei University. Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant M.T. Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Applications, Ltd. D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services. Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W Brockbank. Avon Industrial Polymers Report 41 Failure of Plastics, Ltd. S. Turner, Queen Mary College. Report 42 Polycarbonates, Volume 6 R. PakulI, u. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG. Report 62 Coextrusion, Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable D. Djordjevic, Klockner ER-WE-PA GmbH. Resources, lM. Methven, UMIST. Report 63 Conductive Polymers 11 -from Science to Applications, Report 45 Composites -Tooling and Component R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Processing, Cavendish Laboratory. N.G. Brain, Tooltex. Report 64 Designing with Plastics, Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, P.R. Lewis, The Open University, S.H. Coulson, lA. Cousans, Department of Materials. Exxon Chemical International Marketing. Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, PJ. Robinson, International Automotive G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic. Design. Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics -Composition, Volume 5 Processing and Applications, P.G. KelIeher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. Reporl49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Building Insulation, Plastics BY. Y.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy. Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers 11, A.N.A. ElIiott, Consultant. Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, PJ. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, Fire Research Station. c.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University. Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E.Adams, DJ. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, w.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General P. Hodge, University of Manchester. Electric Corporate Research and Development Centre. Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. HalIiwell, Building Research Report 71 Rotational Moulding, Establishment. RJ. Crawford, The Queen's University of Belfast. Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, E. Andreassen, A. Larsen and C.A. Maier, Econology Limited. E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway. Volume 7 Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant. Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, Report 57 Joining of Plastics, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, K.w. Alien, City University, London. University of Bradford. Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd. lA. Brydson Report 59 Polyimides -Materials, Processing and Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, Applications, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd. AJ. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Limited. Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, Materials, s.w. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd. R.C.P. 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Treadwear .................................................................................................................................. 14 4. Tyre Noise .................................................................................................................................. 16 5. Rolling Resistance ..................................................................................................................... 20 6. Tyre Vibrations ......................................................................................................................... 22 7. Traction & Handling ................................................................................................................ 24 8. Future Developments ............................................................................................................... 26 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 27 Additional References ..................................................................................................................... 27 References from the Rapra Abstracts Database ........................................................................... 29 Subject Index .................................................................................................................................. 105 The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein. Advances in Tyre Mechanics 2