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ADVANCES IN MAIZE SCIENCE Botany, Production, and Crop Improvement ADVANCES IN MAIZE SCIENCE Botany, Production, and Crop Improvement Ratikanta Maiti Humberto González Rodríguez Ch. Aruna Kumari Sameena Begum Dasari Rajkumar First edition published 2022 Apple Academic Press Inc. CRC Press 1265 Goldenrod Circle, NE, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Palm Bay, FL 32905 USA Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 USA 4164 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, ON, L7L 1A4 Canada Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN UK © 2022 Apple Academic Press, Inc. Apple Academic Press exclusively co-publishes with CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Advances in maize science : botany, production, and crop improvement / Ratikanta Maiti, Humberto González Rodríguez, Ch. Aruna Kumari, Sameena Begum, Dasari Rajkumar. Names: Maiti, R. K., 1938- author. | González Rodriguez, Humberto, 1959- author. | Aruna Kumari, C. H., 1972- author. | Begum, Sameena, author. | Rajkumar, Dasari, author. Description: First edition. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20210136723 | Canadiana (ebook) 20210136804 | ISBN 9781771889520 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781774638255 (softcover) | ISBN 9781003104995 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Corn. Classification: LCC SB191.M2 M35 2021 | DDC 633.1/5—dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Maiti, R. K. 1938- author. | González Rodriguez, Humberto, 1959- author. | Aruna Kumari, C. H., 1972- author. | Begum, Sameena, author. | Rajkumar, Dasari, author. Title: Advances in maize science : botany, production, and crop improvement / Ratikanta Maiti, Humberto González Rodríguez, Ch. Aruna Kumari, Sameena Begum, Dasari Rajkumar. Description: 1st edition. | Palm Bay, FL, USA : Apple Academic Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Advances in Maize Science: Botany, Production, and Crop Improvement offers a multi-pronged perspective on maize science, bringing together important recent research advances from several disciplines. The volume covers maize from origin to biotechnology. It provides an overview of recent world maize production along with technological advancements and green strategies in maize science. The authors cover the background of maize, its origin and domestication, ideotypes, botany, taxonomy, physiology of crop growth, methods of cultivation, production, nutritional functions, biotic and abiotic stress impacts, postharvest management and technology, maize grain quality, and advances in breeding and biotechnology, filling a gap in the literature of maize. The authors consider that productivity of maize is affected by several biotic and abiotic stresses that require a concerted interdisciplinary research. This book aims to be a comprehensive guide for maize scientists, agronomists, breeders, researchers, academicians, and students. It will guide researchers working in maize science and maize scientists to understand the relation between the disciplines and implementation of new methods and technology for crop improvement”- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021006676 (print) | LCCN 2021006677 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771889520 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781774638255 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003104995 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Corn--Research. | Corn--Growth. Classification: LCC S191.M2 M358 2021 (print) | LCC S191.M2 (ebook) | DDC 633.1/5072--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021006676 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021006677 ISBN: 978-1-77188-952-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-77463-825-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-00310-499-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003104995 About the Authors Ratikanta Maiti, PhD, DSc, was a world-renowned botanist and crop physiologist. He worked on jute and allied fibers at the former Jute Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), India, and as a plant physiologist on sorghum and pearl millet at ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). He also worked for more than 25 years as a professor and research scientist at three different universities in Mexico. He was also a Research Advisor at Vibha Seeds, Hyderabad, India, and as a Visiting Research Scientist at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (School of Forest Sciences), Nuevo León, México. As the author of more than 40 books and about 500 research papers, he won several international awards, including an Ethno- Botanist Award (USA) sponsored by Friends University, Wichita, Kansas, the United Nations Development Programme; a senior research scientist award offered by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), México; and gold medal from India 2008 offered by ABI. He was Chairman of the Ratikanta Maiti Foundation and chief editor of three international journals. Dr. Maiti died in 2019. Humberto González Rodríguez, PhD, is a faculty member at the Univer sidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (School of Forest Sciences), Nuevo León, México. He is currently working on water relations and plant nutrition in native woody trees and shrubs in northeastern México. In addition, his research includes nutrient deposi tion via throughfall, stemflow, and litterfall in different forest ecosystems. Dr. González teaches chemistry, plant physiology, and statistics. He has successfully guided over 68 theses and has handled over 10 research proj ects. Moreover, he has published many articles, books, and book chapters. He received his PhD in Plant Physiology from Texas A&M University under the guidance of Dr. Wayne R. Jordan and Dr. Malcolm C. Drew. vi About the Authors Ch. Aruna Kumari, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Crop Physiology at Agricultural College, Jagtial, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), India. She has teaching experience at PJTSAU and research experience at varied ICAR institutes and at Vibha Seeds. She was the recipient of a CSIR Fellowship during her doctoral studies and was awarded a Young Scientist Award for Best Thesis Presentation on “In the National Seminar on Plant Physiology.” She teaches courses on plant physiology and environmental science for BSc (Ag.) students. She has taught seed physiology and growth and yield and modeling courses to MSc (Ag.) students. She acted as a minor advisor to several MSc (Ag) students and guided them in their research work. She is the author of book chapters in four books. She is also one of editors of the book Glossary in Plant Physiology and an editor of six international books, including Advances in Bio-Resource and Stress Management; Applied Biology of Woody Plants; An Evocative Memoire: Living with Mexican Culture, Spirituality and Religion; Gospel of Forests; Advances in Cotton Science; Experimental Ecophysiology and Biochemistry of Trees and Shrubs; and Advances in Rice Science. She has published over 50 research articles in national and international journals. Sameena Begum, a young researcher, has completed a BSc Agriculture with distinction in the year 2016 and MSc in Genetics and Plant Breeding with distinction in the year 2018 from the College of Agriculture at the Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyder abad, India. During her master’s degree program, she conducted research on combining ability, gall midge resistance, yield, and quality traits in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) and identified two highly resistant hybrids. She has been an author of book chapters in two books, namely Advances in Cotton Science and Experimental Ecophysiology and Biochemistry of Trees and Shrubs. She was also an editor of a book on Advances in Cotton Science (Apple Academic Press). She has been an author of book chapters in three books: Experimental Ecophysiology and Biochemistry of Trees and Shrubs, Advances in Cotton Science and Advances in Genetics and Plant Breeding. She was one of the editors of the books: Advances in Cotton Science and Advances in Rice Science. She published five research publications in national and international journals from her research work. About the Authors vii Dasari Rajkumar, is a rice breeder. His career included work as a research associate and a botanist at Vibha Seeds Hyderabad, India, where he contributed with research on physiological aspects of drought and salinity tolerance in paddy, cotton, and vegetables. He also was a senior research associate at Bio Seed Research India, Hyderabad, where he specialized in rice, focusing on rice breeding and QTL mapping for drought, salinity tolerance, and trait introgression for biotic stress tolerance. Currently, he is working as a rice breeder in Neo Seeds India Private Limited, Hyderabad, India. His main area of research is on developing high-yielding drought and salinity tolerant rice hybrids and varieties of various maturing segments and grain types across India. Apart from this, he is working on biotic stress tolerance in paddy at various hotspots across India and a trait introgression program for biotic stress tolerance. He has co-authored three books and published 15 research papers in national and international journals. He completed his master’s degree in Botany with a specialization in Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology from Osmania University, India. Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................... xi Preface .........................................................................................................xv 1. Background and Importance of Maize ..................................................... 1 2. World Maize Production .......................................................................... 19 3. Origin, Evolution, and Domestication of Maize .....................................29 4. Maize Ideotype .......................................................................................... 49 5. Maize Botany .............................................................................................79 6. Physiological Basis of Crop Growth and Productivity .......................... 95 7. Research Advances in Abiotic Stress Management ............................. 159 8. Biotic Stresses Affecting Crop Productivity ............................................. 193 9. Methods of Cultivation ............................................................................... 205 10. Maize Grain Quality Analysis, Food Quality, Chemistry, and Food Processing ................................................................................... 225 11. Improvement of Maize: Maize Varieties and Hybrid Maize Technology .......................................................................... 239 12. Research Advances in Breeding and Biotechnology of Maize ............... 251 Index ................................................................................................................. 265