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Advances in EXTRACTION AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS This page intentionally left blank Advances in EXTRACTION AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS MIHIR KUMAR PURKAIT Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India Chair Professor, National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM), Government of India, New Delhi, India DIBYAJYOTI HALDAR Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu PRANGAN DUARAH Center for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India AcademicPress isanimprintofElsevier 125London Wall,London EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissions policiesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier. com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected under copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnew research andexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledge inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation ormethods theyshouldbemindfulof theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey havea professionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, or editors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asa matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operationof anymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-443-18535-9 Forinformation onallAcademic Presspublications visitour website athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:Mica Haley Acquisitions Editor: AndreG.Wolff EditorialProjectManager:TracyTufaga ProductionProjectManager:Swapna Srinivasan CoverDesigner: GregHarris TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents Authorbiography ix Preface xi Acknowledgment xiii 1. Pharmaceutical prospects of plant-based bioactive molecules 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview andstructuralcompositionsofnaturallyoccurring bioactive phytochemical compounds 3 1.3 Analyticalapproaches fordeterminingbioavailability andbioaccessibility ofbioactivecompounds 19 1.4 Commercialization ofnaturallyoccurring bioactivecompounds 21 1.5 Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 22 References 23 2. Utilization of various parts of the plant for the extraction of phytochemicals and high-throughput screening techniques 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Differentparts ofplantsusedtoproducethepharmaceutically active compound 31 2.3 High-throughput screeningtechniquesforbioactivephytochemicals 44 2.4 Summary 50 References 51 3. Conventional approaches for the extraction of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Conventional approaches fortheextractionofbioactivecompounds 56 3.3 Limitations associatedwiththeconventional techniques 69 3.4 Summary 71 References 71 4. Advancement in bioactive compound extraction from natural products for pharmaceutical applications 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Differentextraction approaches 76 4.3 Futureperspectives 95 v vi Contents 4.4 Summary 96 References 96 5. Neoteric solvents for extraction of bioactive phytochemicals 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Classificationofdifferent syntheticsolvents 103 5.3 Theemergenceofsolvent-freereactionsinpharmaceutical industries 114 5.4 Summary 115 References 116 6. Application and effectiveness of computational methods in improving the production of bioactive phytochemicals 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Insightintotheprogress ofdifferent computational tools 122 6.3 Insightintotheadvancementofmoleculardocking 127 6.4 Insighton moleculardynamicssimulation fordiseasesanddrugdesign 132 6.5 Summary 136 References 137 7. Advances in encapsulation strategies for bioactive phytochemicals 141 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Differentencapsulationprocesses forbioactivecompounds 142 7.3 Futureperspectives 161 7.4 Summary 162 References 163 8. Applications of herb-derived bioactive phytochemicals 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Treatmentoforthopedicdiseasesusingherbalextracts 168 8.3 Influenceofherbalplantsasimmunityboostersinthetreatment ofCOVID-19andotherdiseases 177 8.4 Effectofherbal nanoformulationin theapplications oftropical delivery 188 8.5 Summary 190 References 191 9. Pharmacologic and therapeutic aspects of various medicinal plants 197 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Medicinal effectofNigella sativaindifferentfields 198 Contents vii 9.3 Selectiveplantsinthetreatmentofdifferentdiseases 203 9.4 Medicinal efficacy ofphytochemicals 209 9.5 Summary 213 References 214 10. Applications of plant-derived metal nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Biosynthesisofmetallicnanoparticles forpharmaceutical application 220 10.3 Factorsinfluencingtheproductionofmetallicnanoparticles fromplant extract 226 10.4 Applicationofmetallicnanoparticles inpharmaceuticals 229 10.5 Limitationsandfutureperspectives 235 10.6 Summary 237 References 238 11. Patents on naturally derived pharmaceuticals 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Patentsonnaturallyderivedpharmaceuticals 245 11.3 Summary 263 References 264 Index 265 This page intentionally left blank Author biography Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Chair Professor of National Jal Jeevan Mission, Dean of Alumni and External Affairs, and former Head of Centre for the Envi- ronment at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG). Prior to joining as faculty at IITG (2004), he received his Ph.D. and M.Tech in ChemicalEngineeringfromtheIndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur (IITKGP)aftercompletinghisB.TechandB.Sc.(Hons)inChemistryfrom the University of Calcutta. He has received several awards, e.g., Dr. A.V. Rama Rao Foundation’s Best Ph.D. Thesis and Research Award in Chemical Engineering from IIChE (2007), BOYSCAST Fellow award (2009e10) from the DST, Young Engineers Award in the field of Chemical Engineering from the Institute of Engineers (India, 2009), and Young Scientist Medal award from the Indian National Science Academy (INSA,2009).Prof.PurkaitisaFellowofseveralacademicandprofessional body/societies. His current research activities are focused in four distinct areas, viz., (1) advanced separation technologies, (2) waste to energy, (3)smartmaterialsforvariousapplications,and(4)processintensification.In eachoftheareas,hisgoalistosynthesizestimuli-responsivematerialsandto develop a more fundamental understanding of the factors governing the performance of the chemical and biochemical processes. He has around 20 years of experience in academics and research and has published more than 250 papers in different reputed journals (citation >12,000, h-index ¼ 64, 10 index ¼ 152). He has 10 patents and has completed 35 sponsored and consultancy projects from various funding agencies. Prof. Purkait has guided 20 Ph.D. students. He is the author of 10 books and several book chapters published in reputed internal journals. Dr. Dibyajyoti Haldar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, India. He is a former Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), India. He obtained his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the National Institute of Technology Agartala (NITA), India, and his M.Tech in Environmental Science and Technology from the National Institute of Technology Durgapur (NITDGP), India. His research work includes conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars, enzymatic hydrolysis, biofuels, formation of value-added products derived ix