Advances in command, control & communication systems PDF
Preview Advances in command, control & communication systems
IET Computing Series 11 Advances in Command, Control &A Advances in d C v & Communication Systems oa mn Command, Control c me us This important book describes some of the developments Christopher J. Harris is the Lucas Professor of Aerospace in Command, Control and Communication (C3) systems. Systems Engineering at Southampton University. He has held nin The topics cover the design of large real-time man–machine previous teaching appointments at Oxford and Hull Universities, ic & Communication systems, which are now a vital area of intensive scientific UwMheISreT haen dd ethvee loRpoeyadl tMheili tCaoryll eCgoell’se gITe aonf dS cCie3nI cteea, cChrianngf ield, aC and financial investment. C3 systems are for complex to resource management and planning, and although this has aMnadth reemseaatricchs aanctdiv iittise sA.p Hpalicrraisti oisn sa, Fae mlloewm obfe trh oef Itnhseti tIuEtTe aonf d a iom a predominantly military connotation, similar systems are Chartered Engineer. He also acts on several IMA, IET, CNAA, n Systems now developing in civil sector applications, public utilities AFCEA, NATO and IFAC committees. His research interests m and banking. have included stability theory, stochastic control and estimation, S a mobile autonomous intelligent vehicles and IKBS in command y Topics discussed include the design and structure of C3 and control. Professor Harris is the author of research books sn systems, databases, standards, the man–machine interface, on kinematic similarity and on the stability of input/output td and advanced processing, including the sensor data fusion systems, editor of several systems theory books, and on the e, and artificial intelligence. It is the multifaceted nature of editorial board of the IMA Journal on Mathematical Control m C C3 that this book seeks to capture. The subject is too vast and Information Theory. so to survey comprehensively but this text offers the reader Dr Ian White gained his Ph.D. in 1971 from the University n an important insight into this critically important aspect of of Birmingham for research on target recognition using modern technology. high-resolution radar, subsequently working in industry on tr pattern recognition, radar and navigation systems design o and signal processing. In 1977 he joined the Admiralty l Research Establishment, working first on electronic warfare assessments and then on automatic tracking algorithms for Edited by C.J. Harris and I. White radar and data fusion. Dr White was a founder member of the ARE artificial intelligence section and in 1981 he was promoted to superintendent of the Command and Control Division. His interests include systems architecture and design methodologies, standards and artificial intelligence for command and control. He is a member of the IET. aE nd d ite Wd The Institution of Engineering and Technology h b www.theiet.org itey H 0 86341 094 4 a r r 978-0-86341-094-9 is IET COMPUTING SERIES 11 Series Editors: Dr B. Carré Prof. S.L. Hurst Dr D.A.H. Jacobs M.W. Sage Prof. I. Sommerville Advances in Command, Control & Communication Systems Other volumes in this series: Volume 1 Semi-custom IC design and VLSI P.J. Hicks (Editor) Volume 5 Integrated project support environments J.A. McDermid (Editor) Volume 7 Software engineering environments I. Sommerville (Editor) Volume 10 Industrial software technology R.J. Mitchell (Editor) Volume 11 Advances in command, control and communication systems C.J. Harris and I. White (Editors) Volume 12 Speech recognition by machine W.A. Ainsworth Volume 15 Design and test techniques for VLSI and WSI circuits R.E. Massara (Editor) Volume 16 Software reuse with ADA P.J.L. Wallis and R.J. Gautier (Editors) Volume 17 Managing complexity in software engineering R.J. Mitchell (Editor) Volume 18 Software engineering for electronic systems designers D.G. Jenkins and R.C. Welland (Editors) Volume 19 Applied artificial intelligence K. Warwick (Editor) Volume 502 The world wide web for scientists and engineers B. Thomas Advances in Command, Control & Communication Systems Edited by C.J. Harris and I. White The Institution of Engineering and Technology Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom First edition © 1987 Peter Peregrinus Ltd Sections 4.1, 6.2, 7.3 and 7.4 © 1987 Crown Copyright Reprint with new cover © 2007 The Institution of Engineering and Technology First published 1987 Reprinted 2007 This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Engineering and Technology Michael Faraday House Six Hills Way, Stevenage Herts, SG1 2AY, United Kingdom www.theiet.org While the author and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of them. Neither the author nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral rights of the author to be identified as author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Advances in command, control and communication systems. —(IEE computing series; 11) 1. Telecommunication systems—Data processing I. Harris, C.J. (Christopher John) II. White, I. III. Institution of Electrical Engineers IV. Series 621.38’0413 TK5105.5 ISBN (10 digit) 0 86341 094 4 ISBN (13 digit) 978-0-86341-094-9 Printed in the UK by Short Run Press Ltd, Exeter Reprinted in the UK by Lightning Source UK Ltd, Milton Keynes Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii List of contributors xviii Chapter 1 The future for command systems I. White 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The problems of C3I 1 1.2.1 Basic considerations 1 1.2.2 The theory of command and control 1 1.2.3 Informational chaos 2 1.2.4 Technological revolution 2 1.2.5 Organisational chaos 2 1.3 The route towards a solution 2 1.3.1 Strategy 2 1.3.2 Analysis and specification methods 3 1.3.3 Descriptive methods 3 1.3.4 Application of prototyping 4 1.3.5 Application of standards to aid interopera- bility 5 1.3.6 Implementation strategy 6 1.4 The technology for the future 6 1.4.1 Introduction 6 1.4.2 Command system functionality 6 1.4.3 Hardware 7 1.4.4 Software 7 1.4.5 Man—machine interface 9 1.4.6 Knowledge-based systems 11 1.5 Concluding comments 14 1.6 References 14 vi Contents Chapter 2 Design and structure of C3 systems 2.1 The C-process: A model of Command 19 D. G. Galley 2.1.1 Introduction 19 2.1.2 The need for a model of command 19 2.1.3 The overall command system 20 2.1.4 Development of the C-process model 23 2.1.5 The basic proposal assessment loop 24 2.1.6 Hierarchic control 26 2.1.7 Complex command 30 2.1.8 World state space interpretation of command 34 2.1.9 Distributed command and co-ordination 37 2.1.10 Command message set 40 2.1.11 The C-process as a basis for design 45 2.1.12 Conclusions 47 2.1.13 References 49 2.2 MOSAIC concepts for the future deployment of air powerin European NATO 50 D. K. Hitchins 2.2.1 Introduction 50 2.2.2 The changing European military scene 51 2.2.3 Air power in context 51 2.2.4 The threat facing air command and control 57 2.2.5 Air command and control deficiencies 60 2.2.6 Introduction to MOSAIC 60 2.2.7 Expanding the MOSAIC concepts 68 2.2.8 Implementing MOSAIC 74 2.2.9 MOSAIC strengths and weaknesses 76 2.2.10 MOSAIC in action 81 2.2.11 Conclusions 83 2.3 C3 effectiveness studies 84 G. H.Lammers 2.3.1 Introduction 84 2.3.2 Effectiveness 86 2.3.3 Information flows 90 2.3.4 Transition planning 100 2.3.5 Concluding remarks 103 2.3.6 References 103 Chapter 3 Databases for C3 systems 3.1 Spatial database management for command and control 107 C. A. McCann, M. M. Taylor and M. I. Tuori 3.1.1 Introduction 107 3.1.2 Background 107 3.1.3 ISIS: the goal 109 Contents vii 3.1.4 SDBMS-1: a demonstration prototype 110 3.1.5 Ongoing and future work 121 3.1.6 Concluding remarks 127 3.1.7 References 127 3.2 Systems design and data management problems in the utilisation of local area network architectures 129 A. S. Cheeseman and R. H. L. Catt 3.2.1 Introduction 129 3.2.2 Historical development 130 3.2.3 Introduction of a local area network 132 3.2.4 Distributed system architecture 134 3.2.5 The combat system design process 139 3.2.6 Future development 145 3.2.7 Distributed database management 145 3.2.8 Maintaining the integrity of distributed data 148 3.2.9 Performance 149 3.2.10 Standards 150 3.2.11 Data definition 150 3.2.12 ADDAM (area distributed data management system) 150 3.2.13 Conclusions 153 3.2.14 References 155 Chapter 4 Communications 4.1 Packet radio: a survivable communications system for the forward area 159 B. H. Davies and T. R. Davies 4.1.1 Introduction 159 4.1.2 Basic concepts 160 4.1.3 User services 163 4.1.4 Channel access, routing and network control 165 4.1.5 Performance 173 4.1.6 Signal processing requirements and architecture 176 4.1.7 Experiences with prototype equipment 180 4.1.8 Conclusions 181 4.1.9 References 182 4.2 C2 communications for the tactical area: the Ptarmigan packet switched network design and development proving 183 C. S. Warren, S. G. Wells, J. R. Bartlett, B. J. Symons 4.2.1 Introduction 183 4.2.2 The design philosophy 184 4.2.3 The tactical environment 187 4.2.4 Packet switching overlay on Ptarmigan 188 4.2.5 Network characteristics 189 4.2.6 The protocols 190 VIII Contents 4.2.7 Network management 192 4.2.8 The need to prove 193 4.2.9 Test Tools 199 4.2.10 Ptarmigan packet switched network model 201 4.2.11 Status 207 4.2.12 References 208 Chapter 5 Stai ards 5.1 International standards in military communications 211 D. F. Bird 5.1.1 Introduction 211 5.1.2 Open systems interconnection and the ISO reference model 213 5.1.3 Military requirements 215 5.1.4 Gateway issues 217 5.1.5 Initiatives 218 5.1.6 Summary 220 5.1.7 Appendix A: Standards bodies 220 5.1.8 Appendix B: The seven layers of the ISO reference model 221 5.1.9 References 222 5.2 C3I and the upper layers of the OSI 223 H. J. Pearson 5.2.1 Introduction 223 5.2.2 The military use of standards 223 5.2.3 Military requirements 225 5.2.4 Structure of the upper layers 227 5.2.5 Session layer 229 5.2.6 Presentation layer and abstract syntax notations 230 5.2.7 Application layer standards 231 5.2.8 Conclusions 236 5.3 Security in military OSI networks 238 T. Knowles 5.3.1 Introduction 238 5.3.2 Types of security protection 239 5.3.3 Architecture — placement of security services 242 5.3.4 Non-OSI aspects 243 5.3.5 System security 243 5.3.6 Protocol enhancements 244 5.3.7 Securing military systems 245 5.3.8 Conclusions 246 5.3.9 References 246 5.4 Standards for naval systems 247 J. S. Hilland F. A. Richards 5.4.1 Introduction 247 Contents ix 5.4.2 Background 247 5.4.3 Constructing a system 249 5.4.4 Framework for standards 251 5.4.5 Choosing a local area network 252 5.4.6 Network/transport layer interface 253 5.4.7 Presentation layer 256 5.4.8 Application (and other) layers 258 5.4.9 Other areas of standardisation 259 5.4.10 Status and conclusions 260 5.4.11 References 261 Chapter 6 The man-machine interface 6.1 Man—machine aspects of command and control 265 W. T. Singleton 6.1.1 Introduction 265 6.1.2 The commander 266 6.1.3 The picture builders 267 6.1.4 Decision aiding 268 6.1.5 The contribution from psychology 272 6.1.6 Conclusion 276 6.1.7 References 276 6.2 An engineering standard for a systematic approach to the design of user—computer interfaces 279 A. Gardner 6.2.1 Introduction 279 6.2.2 Inputs to systems design 281 6.2.3 Tasks 283 6.2.4 User—computer interfaces 286 6.2.5 Interface cognitive models 289 6.2.6 Interface languages 293 6.2.7 Interface devices 300 6.2.8 Outputs from systems design 302 6.2.9 Final comments 302 6.2.10 References 303 Chapter 7 Advanced processing 7.1 Expert systems in C2 systems 307 C. J. Harris 7.1.1 Introduction 307 7.1.2 C2 complexity and artificial intelligence 308 7.1.3 Knowledge-based systems in C2 systems 308 7.1.4 A prototype structure for an overall knowledge- based C2 system 312 7.1.5 Alternative approaches to C2 architecture 316
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