Advanced Video-Based Surveillance Systems

233 Pages·1999·9.125 MB·English

by  Christopher Nwagboso (auth.), Carlo S. Regazzoni, Gianni Fabri, Gianni Vernazza (eds.)

ADVANCED VIDEO-BASED
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
ADVA NCED VIDEO-BASED
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS
edited by
Carlo S. Regazzoni Gianni Fabri Gianni Vernazza
University ofGenova Italtel S.p.A. Univ. ofC agliari
Genova, Italy Milano, Italy Cagliari, Italy
1IiII...
"
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-7313-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-5085-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5085-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
Copyright © 1999 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1999
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ........................................................................................................... ix
1 REQUIREMENTS FROM END· USERS ...................................................... 5
1.1. USER FOCUSED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION FOR
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SySTEM .............................................. 8
C. Nwagboso
1.2 SECURITY IN PORTS: THE USER REQUIREMENTS FOR
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ............................................................... 18
A. Pozzobon, G. Sciutto and V. Recagno
1.3 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC MONITORING .................................................. 27
M. Pellegrini and P. Tonani
1.4 THE PREVENTION OF VANDALISM IN METRO STATIONS ........ 34
D. Huts, J.P. Mazy and K. Graf
2.VIDEO AND IMAGE PROCESSING ........................................................ 45
2.1. VIDEO-BASED MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC LIGHT AT
PEDESTRIAN ROAD CROSSING ...................................................... 49
A. Anzalone and A. Machi'
2.2 FUZZY MOTION DETECTION FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC
CONTROL .............................................................................................. 58
M. Bami, F. Bartolini, V. Cappellini, F. Lambardi and A. Piva
2.3 IMAGE PROCESSING FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ................... 67
J.M. Blosseville
2.4 PERFORMANCES EVALUATION STRATEGIES OF AN IMAGE
PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR SURVEILLANCE APPLICATIONS .. 76
A. Teschioni and C.S. Regazzoni
3.VIDEO SEQUENCE UNDERSTANDING. ................................................ 91
3.1 AUTOMATIC VISUAL SURVEILLANCE OF VEHICLES AND
PEOPLE .................................................................................................. 95
P. Remagnino, S.Maybank, R.Fraile and K. Baker
3.2. IMAGE UNDERSTANDING FOR PREVENTION OF VANDALISM
IN METRO STATIONS ....................................................................... 106
N. Chleq, F. Bremond and M. Thonnat
3.3 A NEURAL TREE-BASED IMAGE UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM
FOR ADVANCED VISUAL SURVEILLANCE ................................. 117
C.L. Foresti
3.4 THE ADVANCED VISUAL MONITORING PROJECT AT IRST .... 130
C. Ando/fi, M. Aste, M. Boninsegna, R. Cattoni, A. Potrich and B. Cap rile
4.COMMUNICATIONS ................................................................................ 141
4.1. INTEGRATION OF WIRELESS NETWORKS AND AVS ............... 144
P. Mahonen
4.2. USE OF ADVANCED VIDEO SURVEILLANCE AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR REMOTE
MONITORING OF PROTECTED SITES .......................................... 154
C. Sacchi, C.S. Regazzoni and C. Dambra
4.3 REMOTE DETECTION OF ABANDONED OBJECTS IN
UNATTENDED RAILWAY STATIONS BY USING A DS/CDMA
VIDEO-SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ................................................ 165
C.S. Regazzoni, C. Sacchi and E. Stringa
5.SENSORS AND SYSTEMS ••.•.•..•.•..•.•..•.•..•.•..•.••.•.•..•.•..•..•.••.••.................• 179
5.1 ADVANCED INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND TOLLING
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS BASED ON IMAGE PROCESSING AND
VIDEO TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................... 182
M. Mustafa and T. Nethanail
5.2 AUTOMOTIVE VISION SYSTEMS ................................................... 192
G. Burzio and G. Vivo
5.3 CROMATICA PROJECT ...................................................................... 203
J.P. Deparis, S.A. Velastin and A.c. Davies
5.4. GENERATION OF RADAR IMAGES OF AIRCRAFT FOR DESIGN
AND TEST OF IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS IN RADAR
APPLICATIONS ................................................................................. 213
G. Galati, F. Marti and F. Rocci
INDEX .......•.....•.......•...........•...................•....•.•.•..•....•..•.•..•.••.•..••..•.••..••.••..•..••• 223
Preface
This book has been prepared on the basis of the contributions and results
presented by people attending the Workshop on Advanced Video Based
Surveillance that was held on April 1, 1998, at the Istituto Internazionale
delle Comunicazioni (IIC) in Villa Piaggio in Genoa. The Workshop was co
sponsored by the University of Genova, the European Commission through
the ESPRIT Technology Transfer Networks program (Advanced Video
Based Surveillance TTN), IIC (lstituto Internazionale delle
Comunicazioni), AEI (Associazione Italiana Ingegneri Elettronici ed
Elettrotecnici), the Italian Chapter of IAPR (International Association of
Pattern Recognition), and the Direction of the CNR PFfIl project (Progetto
Finalizzato Trasporti-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche).
The Workshop has been organized in order to allow researchers and end
users working in the field of Advanced Video-Based Surveillance systems to
meet and exchange their ideas and results in this challenging field. After the
Workshop, the authors were asked to send extended summaries of the results
they presented. This book is the result of their efforts.
Advanced Video-Based surveillance faces the problem of developing
computing and communications systems that automatically process large
sets of signals in order to obtain information useful to perform monitoring
tasks.
Human beings are straightforward examples of a systems able to accomplish
surveillance tasks under different environmental conditions. Humans are
able to acquire and process signals of different types (e.g., acoustic, visual,
tactile, etc.) as well as to set up cooperative surveillance frameworks for
exchanging, integrating and exploiting distributely collected information.
Vision is probably the most powerful information source employed by
human beings to obtain a purposive representation of a monitored scene.
Visual information is constituted by a massive and redundant set of spatial
and temporal data processed by the brain in a robust and fast way.
The goal of first-generation video-based surveillance systems has been to
exploit the advantages of both analogic transduction of luminance and color
signals and analogic transmission to present to human operators more and
more information about monitored environments. In first-generation
systems, visual information is entirely processed by human operators.
However, the increase in information availability has pointed out that
saturation effects can result a major limitation on a surveillance system as
they cause a decrease in the level of attention of the human operator who has
ultimately to take decisions related to a surveillance task. For example, the
performances of a human operator observing a large set of monitors
connected to an even larger set of cameras can present a rapid temporal
decay in terms of correct alarm detection rates. Therefore, one can argue that
there exists a limitation on the number of video signals that can be efficiently
processed by a human operator.
Modern digital computing and communications technologies have
introduced a complete change of perspective in the design of the
architectures of surveillance systems. In particular, the major advantage can
be identified in the greater flexibility that makes it possible to customize
architectural solutions according to the requirements of the end-users of
Preface
surveillance systems. Advanced video-based surveillance can be considered
as the discipline that studies second-generation surveillance systems. The
goal of AV S is to explore different solutions and possible architectural
choices offered by the variability of available digital computing and
communications techniques.
The first Chapter of this book reflects the increasing importance gained
by end-users in the design of AV S systems, as it presents a set of significant
examples of surveillance tasks related to different end-user needs. The fact
that most of the considered tasks concern transport applications proves the
maturity level of the discipline. Such applications require high performances
due to implied safety aspects that can be met only by an advanced discipline.
A further advantage of the digital approach is the possibility of making
easier the human operator's decision tasks by allowing him to concentrate
only on the most important high-level decisions. Fast digital processing
units first made it possible to design architectures where attention-focusing
capabilities of human operators are improved by algorithms filtering out
visual information useless for the surveillance task considered (i.e.,
information that almost surely cannot be related to interesting events in the
application domain). Thanks to the generality of digital representation, it is
now possible to develop attention-focusing algorithms working at different
abstraction levels. To this end, Video and Image Processing and
Understanding Techniques are currently being deeply investigated. Chapters
2 and 3 present samples of such techniques.
Digital communications playa major role in increasing the overall level
of flexibility of AV S systems as they make it possible to transmit
multimedia information over the same communication channel. This implies
that different digital sensors can be chosen in the same AV S system for
different applications, without affecting the overall hardware architecture of
the system but only software aspects. So the feasibility of upgrading an AV S
system thanks to technological improvements becomes more acceptable
from the cost viewpoint, too. Another advantage of digital communications
is the availability of cryptography and coding techniques that can improve
protection of transmitted information. This aspect is particularly important
when surveillance information is sent over information channels shared by
multiple end-users and services (i.e., open networks). Chapter 4 gives some
application examples of communications techniques and systems used in
AV S systems.
AV S is a multidisciplinary field that includes several other topics. In
particular, video processing and telecommunications must be integrated with
the contributions provided by the study of new sensors as well as of