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Advanced Transport Protocols PDF

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Advanced Transport Protocols Advanced Transport Protocols Designing the Next Generation Ernesto Exposito Firstpublished2013inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayonlybereproduced, storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentionedaddress: ISTELtd JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. 27-37StGeorge’sRoad 111RiverStreet LondonSW194EU Hoboken,NJ07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com ©ISTELtd2013 TherightsofErnestoExpositotobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhavebeenassertedbyhimin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2012951239 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-84821-374-6 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd.,Croydon,SurreyCR04YY Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Chapter1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.Evolutionofapplicationandnetworklayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2.Summaryofcontributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.Bookstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter2.TransportProtocolsStateoftheArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.Transportlayerreferencemodels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.1.OSImodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.2.TCP/IPmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3.Transportlayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.4.Transportservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3.Transportfunctionsandmechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3.1.Errorcontrol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3.2.Congestioncontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.3.Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4.IETFtransportprotocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.1.TCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.2.UDP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.3.SCTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.4.DCCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.5.MPTCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 vi AdvancedTransportProtocols Chapter3.SemanticModelingofTransportProtocolsandServices . . . . 25 3.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.Modelandsemantic-drivenarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.1.Model-drivenarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.2.Ontology-drivenarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.DesignofaQoSontologyframework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.1.QualityofServicedefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.2.ITU-TX.641framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3.3.Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3.4.Serviceuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3.5.Serviceprovider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.6.QoScharacteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.7.QoSrequirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.8.QoSparameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3.9.QoSfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.3.10.QoSmechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4.DesignofaQoStransportontologyforthenextgeneration transportlayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4.1.Ontologyrepresentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4.2.X.641QoSontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4.3.QoStransportrequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.4.4.QoStransportmechanisms,functionsandprotocols . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5.QoStransportontologyspecification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5.1.TCPsemanticdescription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.5.2.UDPsemanticdescription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.5.3.SCTPsemanticdescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.5.4.DCCPsemanticdescription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5.5.MPTCPsemanticdescription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.6.UsageoftheQoStransportontologyspecification . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.6.1.QoStransportservicescharacterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.6.2.Transportcomponentsandtransportcomposite characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.7.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chapter4.Model-DrivenDesignMethodologyofTransport MechanismsandFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2.Softwareengineeringprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.1.UnifiedModelingLanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.2.UML2.4.1-basedmethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2.3.UMLdiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2.4.Summaryandadditionalresources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 TableofContents vii 4.3.ApplyingtheUML-basedsoftwareengineeringmethodology fortransportservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3.1.Contextualmodeloftransportfunctionsandmechanisms. . . . . . 68 4.3.2.Analysisofrequirementsguidingtransportfunctions . . . . . . . . 69 4.3.4.Designoftransportfunctionsandmechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Chapter5.Model-DrivenSpecificationandValidation ofErrorControlTransportMechanismsandFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2.Designofanerrorcontrolfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1.Behaviorspecificationofthesendingsideprotocolentity. . . . . . 81 5.2.2.Behaviorspecificationofthereceivingsideprotocolentity. . . . . 83 5.3.Functionalvalidationoftheerrorcontrolfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3.1.Functionalvalidationusingaperfectmedium. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.3.2.Functionalvalidationusinganimperfectmedium. . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.4.Anewdesignoftheerrorcontrolfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.4.1.Functionalvalidationusinganimperfectmedium. . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.4.2.Moreopenquestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.5.Amodel-drivensimulationenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.5.1.Model-drivensimulationframework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.5.2.Model-drivennetworksimulatorpackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.5.3.Lossymediumsimulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.5.4.Delayedmediumsimulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.5.5.Bandwidth-limitedmediumsimulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.6.Chaptersummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.7.Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Chapter6.Model-DrivenSpecificationandValidationofCongestion ControlTransportMechanismsandFunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.2.Designofacongestioncontrolfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.2.1.Behaviorspecificationofthesendingandreceivingside protocolentities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.2.2.TheTCP-friendlyratecontrol(TFRC)specification . . . . . . . . . 114 6.2.3.DetailedTFRCdesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.3.Functionalvalidationofthecongestioncontrolfunction . . . . . . . . . 119 6.3.1.Casestudy1:continuousstreamofmessages (notimeconstraints). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.3.2.Casestudy2:GSMaudiostream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.3.3.Casestudy3:MJPEGvideostream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 viii AdvancedTransportProtocols 6.4.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.5.Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter7.SpecificationandValidationofQoS-OrientedTransport MechanismsandFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7.2.ContextualmodelofaQoS-orientedtransportfunctions . . . . . . . . . 130 7.3.ContextualmodelofaQoS-orientederrorcontrolfunctions. . . . . . . 131 7.3.1.Partiallyordered/partiallyreliabletransportservices. . . . . . . . . 133 7.4.ContextualmodelofaQoS-orientedcongestioncontrolfunctions . . . 138 7.4.1.QoS-awareTFRCcongestioncontrol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.5.DesignoftheQoS-orientederrorcontrolfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 7.5.1.BasisofafullyreliableSACK-basedfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7.5.2.DesignofapartiallyreliableSACK-basedfunction . . . . . . . . . 144 7.5.3.Designofapartiallyreliablefunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 7.5.4.Designofadifferentiatedandpartiallyreliablefunction. . . . . . . 147 7.5.5.Designofatime-constrained,differentiatedandpartially reliablefunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 7.6.DesignoftheQoS-orientedcongestioncontrolfunction . . . . . . . . . 148 7.6.1.BasisofaTCP-friendlyratecontrolfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 7.6.2.Designofatime-constrainedanddifferentiatedcongestion controlfunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.7.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Chapter8.ArchitecturalFrameworksforaQoS-Oriented TransportProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8.2.Communicationarchitecturerequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.3.Architecturalframeworksforcommunicationprotocols . . . . . . . . . 160 8.3.1.QoS-orientedarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.3.2.Architecturalframeworksforcommunicationprotocols. . . . . . . 161 8.4.DesignofacompositeandQoS-orientedtransportprotocol. . . . . . . 164 8.4.1.Designofthefullyprogrammabletransportprotocol. . . . . . . . . 164 8.5.EvaluationoftheFPTPtransportprotocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.5.1.FPTPTD-TFRCmechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.5.2.FPTPD-PRandTD-PRmechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 8.5.3.FPTPTD-TFRCmechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.5.4.Analysisofresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.6.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.7.Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 TableofContents ix Chapter9.Service-OrientedandComponent-Based TransportProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 9.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 9.2.State-of-the-artonmodernsoftwarearchitecturalframeworks . . . . . 188 9.2.1.Service-orientedarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 9.2.2.Component-baseddesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 9.2.3.Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 9.3.Designguidelinesofacomponent-basedandservice-oriented architectureforthenextgenerationtransportlayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 9.3.1.Service-orientedarchitecturetransportlayer(SOATL) . . . . . . . 193 9.3.2.Service-componentarchitecturefortransport protocols(SCATP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 9.3.3.Semanticmodelguidingtheselectionandcomposition oftransportservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9.4.FPTPsemanticdescription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9.4.1.FPTPindividual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 9.4.2.Servicecharacterizationinferencesbasedon componentsaxioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 9.5.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 9.6.Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Chapter10.AdaptiveTransportProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 10.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 10.2.Theenhancedtransportprotocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 10.2.1.Adaptivecompositecommunicationarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.2.2.Behavioraladaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.2.3.Structuraladaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 10.3.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Chapter11.AutonomicTransportProtocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 11.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 11.2.Autonomiccomputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 11.3.Self-managingfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 11.4.Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 11.4.1.Autonomicelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 11.4.2.Autonomicorchestrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 11.4.3.Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 11.4.4.Knowledgebase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 11.4.5.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 11.5.Designguidelinesofanautonomiccomputingarchitecture forthenext-generationtransportlayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 x AdvancedTransportProtocols 11.5.1.Self-managingfunctionalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 11.5.2.Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 11.5.3.Autonomicorchestrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 11.5.4.Policyframework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 11.5.5.Knowledgebase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 11.6.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 11.7.Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Preface The large diversity of transport services and the complexity resulting from the deployment of a particular transport protocol or transport mechanism over the servicesprovidedbyheterogeneousnetworksrequireanoveldesignofthetransport layer. The next-generation transport layer should be able to cope with the diversity and complexity involved in this new family of transport protocols. Moreover, current and future applications will only be able to take advantage of the most adaptedandavailabletransportserviceiftheyefficientlyinteractwiththisadvanced transportlayer(e.g.discovery,composition,deploymentandadaptationservices). This book illustrates how a model-driven methodology based on the use of ontology and Unified Modeling Language (UML) models and integrating component-based, service-oriented and autonomic computing approaches can be applied in designing the mechanisms, functions, protocols and services of the next- generationtransportlayer. The methodology proposed in this book is based on a model-driven approach characterizedbytheapplicationoftheUMLtospecifythestructureandbehaviorof transport protocols combined with semantic models based on ontologies in order to provide a rich and evolving architectural framework aimed at designing and developingthisadvancedtransportlayer. The service-oriented architecture approach is applied in designing and developing this new generation of transport services following a component-based approach for developing the various mechanisms required to implement basic and advancedtransportfunctions. The autonomic computing paradigm has been followed in order to propose an incrementaldesignoftheadaptationcapabilitiesofthetransportlayer,startingfrom standard transport functions to advanced self-adaptive functionalities based on the contextmonitoringandefficientdecisionmodels.

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