Advanced practical chemistry

446 Pages·2014·62.075 MB·English

by  Shrivastava, Jaya;Siddiqui, I. R.;Singh, Jagdamba;Singh, Jaya;Singh, R. K. P.;Yadav, L. D. S

DR. L.D.S. YADAV
M.Sc., Ph.D;'
'rofi~S()r, Department of Chemistry
Thiverl'litV of Allahabad, Allahabad·~
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PRAGATI PRAKASHAN First Edition : 2008
Educational Publishers Second Revised Edition: 2010
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t
SECTION-I: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 0-1-0-220
.11.
LABORATORY APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES 0-1-0-141
1.1 Laboratory apparatus 1
1.2 Organic reactions and apparatus 5
1.3 Laboratory techniques 8
1.4 Drying agents 11
1.5 Melting points 12
1.6 Boiling points 14
12.
SEPARATION OF ORGANIC MIXTURES 0-15-0-381
2.0 Saparation of organic mixtures 15
2.1 Separation of binary mixtures 15
2.2 Preliminary examinations 16
2.3 Separation of solid-solid mixture 17
2.4 Separation of volatile liquid + solid mixture 23
2.5 Separation of non-volatile liquid + solid mixture 24
2.6 List of binary mixtures and solvent! reagent for separation 29
2.7 Separation of mixture containing three components 29
2.8 Separation of three solid components 28
2.9 Separation of mixutre containing two solids and one liquid 32
2.10 Separation ofm ixture containing one solid and two liquids 36
2.11 List of ternary mixtures and solvent(s)/reagents for their separation 37
2.12 Systematic identification of individual organic compounds separated
from the mixti:tr~ 38
13. SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION 0_F_0_R_G_A_N_I_C_C_0_M_P_0_U_N_D_S_ _____0 _-_3__9-_0 -_ 78--II
3.0 Introduction 39
3.1 Preliminary examination of an organic compound 40
3.2 Qualitative analysis for the elements 42
3.3 Solubility tests 44
3:4 Classification test: Identification of functional groups 46
3.4.1 Test for unsaturation 46
3.4.2 Test for alcohols 47
3.4.3 Test for carbonyl group 48
3.4.4 Carbohydrates 50
3.4.5 Test for phenols 51
3.4.6 Test for carboxylic acids 52
(vI)
3.4.7 Anhydrides and acid halides 50
3.4.8 Esters 52 .
3.4.9 Ethers 52
3.4.10 Nitro compounds 52
3.4.11 Amides 53
3.4.12 Anilides 54
3.4.13 Nitriles 55
3.4.14 Amines 55
3.4.15 Amino acids 58
3.4.16 CompoUnd containing halogens 58
3.4.17 Hydrocarbons 58
3.4.18 Compound contaiPing sulphur 59
3.4.19 Compound containing N and 5 61
3.5 The preparation of derivatives 61
3.6 Derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons 62
3.7 Derivatives of alcohol 64
3.8 Derivatives of phenols 65
3:9 Derivatives of ethers 66
3.10 Derivatives of carbonyl compounds 66
3.11 Deriv!atives of carbohydrates 67 '
3.12 Derivatives of carboxylic acids 68
3.13 Derivatives of esters 69
3.14 Derivatives of amides 70
. 3.15 Derivatives of anilides 71
3.16 Derivatives of cyanides 71
3.17 Derivatives of primary and secondary amines 72
3.18 Derivatives of tertiary amines 73
3.19 Derivatives of nitro compounds 74
3.20 Derivatives of alkyl halides 74
3.21 Derivatives of aromatic halides 74
3.22 Derivatives of sulphoni/2 acids 7.5
3.43 Derivatives of sulphonamides 76
3.24 Derivatives of sulphonyl chlorides 77
3.25 Derivatives of thiols and thiophenols 77
3.26 Derivatives of sulphides 78
14.
LIST OF COMPOUNDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 0-794>-1521
4.1 Alcohols 79
4.2 Phenols 85
4.3 Ethers 90
4.4 Aldehydes 92
4.4.1 Halogenated aldehydes 95
4.4.2 Nitro aldehydes 95
(vii)
4.5 Ketones 97
4.5.1 Quinones 99
4.6 Carbohydrates 102
4.7, Carboxylic acids 104
4.7.1 Aliphatic carboxylic acids 104
4.7.2 Aromatic Acids 105
4.7.3 Aliphatic hydroxy acids 106
4.7.4 Aromatic hydroxy adds 106
4.7.5 Halogenated carboxylic acids 107
4.7.6 Nitroearboxylic acids 107
4.8 Acid chlorides, Acid anhydrides and esters 112
4.9 Amides 117
4.9.1. Aliphatic amides 117
4.9.2 Aromatic amides 118
4.10 Ester amides 120
4.11 Anilides 120
4.12 Nitriles .121
4.13 Primary amines 121
4.13.1 Aliphatic primary amines 122
4.13.2 Aromatic primary amines 123
4.13.3 Halogenated aromatic primary amines 124
4.13.4 Nitro aromatic primary amines 125
4.14 Secondary amines 129
4.14.1 Aliphatic secondary amines 129
4.14.2 Aromatic secondary amines · 129
4.15 Tertiary amiries 131
4.16 Amino acids 134
4.17 Hydrocarbons 136
4.18 Halogenated hydrocarons 140
4.18.1 Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons 140
4.18.2 Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons 141
4.19 Nitro compounds 145 .. .
4.19.1 Aliphatic nitro compounds 145
4.19.2 Aromatic nitro compounds 145
4.19.3 Halogenated nitro hydrocarbons 146
4.20 Sulphur containing compounds 148
4.21 Thioamides 152
15.
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 0-153-0-1711
5.1 . Acetylation
Acetylation of chlolesterol 153
5.2 Oxidation
Synthesis of adipic acid by chromic acid oxidation of cyc1ohexanol 155
(viii)
5.3 Griganard Reaction
Synthesis of triphenylmethanol from benzoic Acid 158
5.4 Aldol Condensation
Synthesis of dibenzalacetone from benzaldehyde 161
5.5 Sandmeyer reaction
Synthesis of p-chlorotoluene froin p-toluidine 163
5.6 Acetoacetic ester condensation
Synthesis of n-butylacetoacetate from acetoacetic ester 164
5.7 Cannizzaro reaction
Synthesis of 4-chlorobenzoic acid and 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol from
4-chlorobenzaldehyde 166 \
5.8 Friedel-Crafts reaction
Synthesis of -benzoylpropionic acid from succinic anhydride and.benze~e 168
5.9 Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution
1. Synthesis of p:nitroaniline from acetanilide 170
2. Synthesis of p-bromoaniline from p-bromoacetanilide 172
!6. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 0-174-0-186! "
6.1 Determination of percentage of hydroxyl groups by acetylation method 174
6.2 Estimation of amines by acetylation method 175
6.3 Estimation of amines using bromate bromide solution 177
6.4 Estimation of phenols using bromate bromide solution 179
6.5 Determination of saponification value of an oil or fat 180
6.6 Determination of iodine value of an oil or fat 181
6.7 Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO)"in water sampl~ 182
6.8 Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of water sample 184
6.9 Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of water sample 185
!7. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC (UV/VIS) ESTIMATIONS 0-187-0-2101
7.0 Introduction 187
7.1 Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer ~87
7.2 Beer's Law: Plot 190
7.3 Intrumentation 191
7.4 Types of instruments 194
7.5 Operation of the instruments 196
7.6 Quantitative estimation 196
Experiment-l: Spectrophotometry in the visible region: absorption spectrum and
Beer's Law . 196
Experiment-2: Varification of Beer's Law by digital double beam spectrophotometer
. 199
Experiment-3 : Estimation of carbohydrate by spectrophotometric method 200
Experiment-4 : Estimation of amino acids using ninhydrin method 202
(ix)
Experiment-S: Estimation of protein by Biuret method 204
Experiment-6 : Estimation of protein by Folin-Lowry method 205
Experiment-7: Quantitative estimation of ascorbic acid 206
. Experiment-8 : Estimation of ascorbic acid in plant tissues 207
Experiment-9 : Estimation of vitamin-C by ultraviolet spectrophotometer 207
Experiment-tO: Estimation of total blood cholesterol 208
Experiment-ll: Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of aspirin in APe
tablets 209
18. I
EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM NATURAL SOURCES 0-211-0-220
8.1 Extraction of organic compounds from natural sources 211
8.2 Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves 211
8.3 Isolation of -carotene from carrot 213
8.4 Isolation of eugenol from cloves 214
8.5 Isolation of (+) limonene from citrus rind 215
8.6 Isolation of nicotine from tobacco 216
8.7 Isolation of piperine from black pepper 217
8.8 Isolation of casein from milk 218
8.9 Isolation of lactose from milk 219
SECTION-II: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY P-I-P-160
11. ERRORANALYSISANDSTATISTICALDATAANALYSIS P-1-p-201
1.1 Determinate or constant errors 3
1.2 Types of determinate errors 3
1.3 Indeterminate or random errors 4
1.4 Minimisation of errors 5
1.5 Accuracy and precision 6
1.6 Rejection of measurements 8
1.7 Confidence.i nterval tests of significance 11
1.8 Calibration of volumetric apparatus 12
1.9 Temperature control thermostate 18
12. ADSORPTION P-21-p-301
2.1 Surface tension 21
2.2 Parachor 22
2.3 Measurement of surface tension 24
Experiments:
2.1 Determination of percentage composition of a given mixture of two liquids by
surface tension measurements 26
(x)
2.2 Study of variation of surface tension of. solution of n-propyl alcohol with
concentration and hence determine the limiting cross-section area of
alcohol molecule 26
2.3 Surface tension determination by stalagmometer methods 27
13. PHASE EQUIUBRIA P-31-P-461
3.1 Solid-liquid systems 31
3.2 Transition temperature 37
Experiments: .
3.1. Construction of phase diagram of a two component syst~m: 33 "
3.2 Construction of phase diagram of a three component system containing
ethanol, benzene and water ~
ana
3.3 Determination of triangular phase diagram of acetic acid, chloroform
water · 35
3.4 Determination of phase diagrams' for the sytem ethanol, ethyl acetate·a nd
water 36
3.5 Determination of phase diagram of the following three components systems
at 25°C 36
(i) Water, ethanol and succinic nitrile
(ii) Water, ether and succinic nitrile
3.6 Determination of transition temperature of a given substance (Calcium
chloride) by thermometric method 38
3.7 Determination of the transition temperature of sodium sulphate dehydrate by
dilatometric method 40
3.8 Determination of the tranSition temperature of hydrated sodium bromide by
solubility method 41
3.9 Determination of the partition coefficient of iodine between water and carbon
tetrachloride, and determination of equilibrium constant for tri-iodide
formation 42
J4 . CHEMICAL KINETICS P-47-P-891
4.0 Introduction 37
4.1 Reaction rates 47
4.2 Reaction molecularities 47
4.3 Order of a reaction , 47
4.4 Determination of the order of a reaction 51
4.5 Guggenheim's method for the determination of velocity coru;tant for first
order reactions 53
4.6 The temperature coefficient 54
4.7 Iodine clock reaction-method of initial rates 65
4.8 Oscillating reactions 71
Experim:ents :
4.1(a) Determine thE:! rate constant of hydrolysis of an ester such as methyl acetate
catalysed by 0.5 MHO. Determine also the energy of a.ctivation of the
reaction 56
4J(b) Determine the order of hydrolysis of ethyl acetate by NaOH 58
4.2. Studies on the kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate by NaOH (i)
petermine the rate constant; (ii) Studies on the influence of ionic strength on
the rate <;OIl.Stimt 59
4.3. Determine the velocity constant oi hydrolysis· of ethyl acetate by
NaOH 60
Investigate the reaction between H 0 and HI 63
2 2
Study the kinetics. of decompositiori of H 0 .catalysed by iodide ion 64
2 2
Studies on a "Dock reaction". Determination of the activation energy of the
bromide. .. bromate reaction 66
4.7. Dilatometric study of the kinetics of hydrolysis of acetal 68
4.8. Study the kinetics of the reaction between potassium persulphate and
Kf 69
(i) Determine the rate constant and order of the reaction.
(Ii) Study the influence of ionic strength on the rate constant.
4.9. To study the kinetics of B-Z reaction 71
4.10. To study the kinetics of mo¢lified B-Z reaction 75
4.11. To study manganese catalysed bromate-malonic acid reaction 77
4.12. Studies on the kinetics of iodmation of acetone 79
4:13. To determine the rate constant of inversion of cane sugar in the presence of
an acid 81
4.i4.Studies on the kinetics of reaction between H 0 and HI 83
2 2
(i) Dete!'Jnination(Jf the rate constant.
(ij) qetermination of activation energy.
'4.15'?tuCliesC!n thekineti<;s of the reaction between potassium petsulphate and
KI ·i SS .
(i).DetE:!!'Jninaf:io~ of rate constant.
(ii) Studies 01'1. th~ influence of ionic strength on the rate constant.
4.16; To deteintiri.etheheatOf neutralisation of hydrochloric acid by NaOH 87
I
S. POLARIMETRY P-9O-P-97I
5.0 Introduction 90
5.1 Polatimeter 90
5.2 Measurement of optical rotation 91
Experiments:
5.1. Investigate the inversion of can sugar in the presence of an acid at 30°C.
Determine also the energy of activation of the reaction 92
5.2. To investigate SOD;le of the kinetic properties of invertase 93