Advanced optical wireless communication systems

404 Pages·2012·11.807 MB·English

by  Arnon S., Barry J., Karagiannidis G., Schober R., Uysal M. (eds.)

AdvancedOpticalWirelessCommunicationSystems
Opticalwirelesscommunicationsisadynamicareaofresearchanddevelopment.Com-
biningfundamentaltheorywithabroadoverview,thisbookisanidealreferenceforany-
oneworkinginthefield,aswellasavaluableguideforself-study.Itbeginsbydescribing
importantissuesinopticalwirelesstheory,includingcodingandmodulationtechniques
foropticalwireless,wirelessopticalCDMAcommunicationsystems,equalizationand
Markov chains in cloud channels, and optical MIMO systems, as well as explaining
key issuesininformationtheory foroptical wirelesschannels. Thenext partdescribes
uniquechannelsthatcouldbefoundinopticalwirelessapplications,suchasNLOSUV
atmospheric scattering channels, underwater communication links, and a combination
of hybrid RF/optical wireless systems. The final part describes applications of optical
wirelesstechnology,suchasquantumencryption,visiblelightcommunication,IRlinks,
andsensornetworks,withstep-by-stepguidelinestohelpreducedesigntimeandcost.
Shlomi Arnon is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at Ben-Gurion University (BGU), Israel, and the Principal Investigator of
Israel Partnership with NASA LUNAR Science Institute. In addition to research, Pro-
fessor Arnon and his students work on many challenging engineering projects with
emphasisonthehumanitariandimension,suchasdevelopingasystemtodetecthuman
survivalafterearthquakes,oraninfantrespirationmonitoringsystemtopreventcardiac
arrestandapnea.
John R. Barry is a Professor of Telecommunications in the School of Electrical and
ComputerEngineeringattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.HeisacoauthorofDig-
ital Communication (2004), and Iterative Timing Recovery: A Per-Survivor Approach
(VDM,2009),andheistheauthorofWirelessInfraredCommunications(1994).
GeorgeK.KaragiannidisisanAssociateProfessorofDigitalCommunicationsSystems
intheElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment,andHeadoftheTelecommu-
nicationsSystemsandNetworksLaboratory,atAristotleUniversityofThessaloniki.He
is co-recipient of the Best Paper Award of the Wireless Communications Symposium
(WCS)intheIEEEInternationalConferenceonCommunications(ICC’07).
Robert Schober is a Professor and Canada Research Chair in Wireless Communica-
tionsattheUniversityofBritishColumbia(UBC),Vancouver,Canada.Hehasreceived
numerousawards,includingbestpaperawardsfromtheGermanInformationTechnol-
ogySociety(ITG),theEuropeanAssociationforSignal,SpeechandImageProcessing
(EURASIP), IEEE ICUWB 2006, the International Zurich Seminar on Broadband
Communications,andEuropeanWireless2000.
Murat Uysal is an Associate Professor at Özyeg˘in University, Istanbul, where he leads
theCommunicationTheoryandTechnologies(CT&T)ResearchGroup.Dr.Uysalisthe
recipient of several awards including the NSERC Discovery Accelerator Supplement
Award,UniversityofWaterlooEngineeringResearchExcellenceAward,andtheTUBA
DistinguishedYoungScientistAward.
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511979187

Advanced Optical Wireless
Communication Systems
Editedby
SHLOMI ARNON
Ben-GurionUniversity(BGU),Israel
JOHN R. BARRY
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,USA
GEORGE K. KARAGIANNIDIS
AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece
ROBERT SCHOBER
UniversityofBritishColumbia(UBC),Canada
MURAT UYSAL
Özyeg˘inUniversity,Turkey
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown
Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521197878
(cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2012
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-521-19787-8hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch
websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors pagex
PartI Outlook 1
1 Introduction 3
ShlomiArnon,JohnBarry,GeorgeKaragiannidis,RobertSchober,andMuratUysal
PartII Opticalwirelesscommunicationtheory 9
2 Codedmodulationtechniquesforopticalwirelesschannels 11
IvanB.Djordjevic
2.1 Atmosphericturbulencechannelmodeling 12
2.2 Codesongraphs 13
2.3 Coded-MIMOfree-spaceopticalcommunication 19
2.4 RaptorcodesfortemporallycorrelatedFSOchannels 26
2.5 Adaptivemodulationandcoding(AMC)forFSO
communications 29
2.6 MultidimensionalcodedmodulationforFSOcommunications 35
2.7 Free-spaceopticalOFDMcommunication 38
2.8 Heterogeneousopticalnetworks(HONs) 43
2.9 Summary 48
Acknowledgments 49
References 49
3 WirelessopticalCDMAcommunicationsystems 54
JawadA.Salehi,BabakM.Ghaffari,andMehdiD.Matinfar
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 OCDMAsystemdescription 55
3.3 IndoorwirelessopticalCDMALAN 59
3.4 Free-spaceopticalCDMAsystems 68
3.5 Modulation 75
3.6 Experimentalprototypes 81
vi Contents
Acknowledgment 84
References 84
4 Pointingerrorstatistics 87
ShlomiArnon
References 89
5 EqualizationandMarkovchainsincloudchannel 90
MohsenKavehrad
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Channelpropagationmodeling 92
5.3 Modelingresultsandeigenanalyses 99
5.4 Equalizationrelatedissues 103
5.5 Summaryandconclusions 112
Acknowledgment 113
References 113
6 Multiple-inputmultiple-outputtechniquesforindooropticalwireless
communications 116
SteveHranilovic
6.1 IndoorOWMIMOchannelcharacteristics 117
6.2 MIMOfordiffuseOWchannels 119
6.3 Spot-diffusingOWMIMOsystems 123
6.4 Point-to-PointOWMIMOcommunications 127
6.5 Futuredirections 138
References 139
7 Channelcapacity 146
AmosLapidoth,StefanM.Moser,andMichèleWigger
7.1 Introductionandchannelmodels 146
7.2 Capacityresults 150
7.3 Prooftechniques 163
References 172
PartIII Uniquechannels 175
8 Modelingandcharacterizationofultravioletscatteringcommunicationchannels 177
HaipengDing,BrianM.Sadler,GangChen,andZhengyuanXu
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 Singlescatteringmodels 181
Contents vii
8.3 Multiplescatteringmodels 183
8.4 NLOSUVchannelmeasurementsystems 189
8.5 Numericalandexperimentalresults 192
8.6 Summary 198
References 199
9 Free-spaceopticalcommunicationsunderwater 201
BrandonCochenourandLindaMullen
9.1 Introduction:towardsalinkequation 201
9.2 Introductiontooceanoptics 202
9.3 Channelcharacterization:theory 213
9.4 Experimentalresearchinwirelessopticalcommunicationsunderwater 218
9.5 SystemdesignforuFSOlinks 228
9.6 Summary 236
References 237
10 Theopticalwirelesschannel 240
RogerGreenandMarkLeeson
10.1 Introduction 240
10.2 Systemconfigurations 241
10.3 Opticalsources 242
10.4 Opticaldetectors 244
10.5 Opticalfilters 245
10.6 Natureoftheopticalwirelesschannel 247
10.7 Interferencesources 248
10.8 ImpactofinterferenceonBER 251
10.9 Channelimpulseresponse 253
10.10 Hardware aspects of the receiver-amplifier in the
indoorchannelenvironment 255
10.11 Modulationschemesforopticalwireless 263
10.12 Opticsforopticalwireless 267
10.13 Concludingremarks 268
References 269
11 HybridRF/FSOcommunications 273
NickLetzepisandAlbertGuilléniFàbregas
11.1 Introduction 273
11.2 Channelmodel 275
11.3 Information-theoreticpreliminaries 281
11.4 Uniformpowerallocation 287
11.5 Powerallocation 292
11.6 Conclusionsandsummary 295
viii Contents
AppendixA Kullback–LeiblerdivergencebetweenPoissonandGaussian
distributions 297
AppendixB Derivativeofthemutualinformationfordiscrete-inputPoisson
channels 297
Acknowledgments 299
References 299
PartIV Applications 303
12 Quantumkeydistribution 305
RupertUrsin,NathanLangfordandAndreasPoppe
12.1 Motivation 305
12.2 SecurityconsiderationsofQKD 306
12.3 QKDprotocols 308
12.4 Technicalimplementationofafree-spacesetup 312
12.5 QKDnetworks 319
References 326
13 Opticalmodulatingretro-reflectors 328
WilliamRabinovich
13.1 Introduction 328
13.2 Modulatingretro-reflectorlinkbudgets 330
13.3 Theopticalretro-reflector 332
13.4 Theopticalmodulator 334
13.5 Modulatingretro-reflectorapplicationsandfielddemonstrations 341
13.6 Conclusion 347
References 347
14 Visible-lightcommunications 351
KangTae-Gyu
14.1 VLCprinciple 351
14.2 VLCstandards 354
14.3 VLCresearchanddevelopment 359
14.4 VLCapplications 361
14.5 Futurework 367
References 367
15 Opticalwirelessinsensornetworks 369
DominicC.O’BrienandSashigaranSivathasan
15.1 Introduction 369
15.2 Free-spaceoptical(FSO)sensornetwork 371
Contents ix
15.3 Radiofrequency/Free-spaceoptical(RF/FSO)sensornetworksystem 378
15.4 Conclusions 383
15.5 Acknowledgments 384
References 384
Index 388
Contributors
ShlomiArnon
BenGurionUniversityoftheNegev,Israel
JohnR.Barry
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
GangChen
UniversityofCalifornia
BrandonCochenour
NavalAirSystemsCommand(NAVAIR),USA
HaipengDing
UniversityofCalifornia
IvanDjordjevic
UniversityofArizona
BabakM.Ghaffari
SharifUniversityofTechnology,Iran
RogerGreen
UniversityofWarwick
SteveHranilovic
McMasterUniversity,Canada
AlbertG.iFàbregas
UniversityofCambridge
MohsenKavehrad
PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
GeorgeK.Karagiannidis
AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece
NathanLangford
UniversityofOxford
AmosLapidoth
ETHZurich