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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES A N - DVANCED ANO AND P M IEZOELECTRIC ATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. M S T ATERIALS CIENCE AND ECHNOLOGIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES A N - DVANCED ANO AND P M IEZOELECTRIC ATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IVAN A. PARINOV EDITOR New York Copyright © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:23) (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Compatibility of Chemical Elements on Grain Boundaries and Its Influence on Wear Resistance of Polycrystalline Materials 1 Yu. F. Migal, V. I. Kolesnikov and E. S. Novikov Chapter 2 Development and Study of Silicon Dioxide Nanostructured Films Forming on Semiconductor Structure Surface 19 V. V. Polyakov Chapter 3 Methods to Study Modified Aluminum Silicates 61 V. A. Yavna, A. S. Kasprzhitskiy and G. I. Lazorenko Chapter 4 Investigations of Defect Formation during Sapphire Crystal Growth 89 S. P. Malyukov, Yu. V. Klunnikova and I. A. Parinov Chapter 5 Physics and Design of Multi-Functional Ceramic Materials with Special Electrical and Magnetic Properties 109 L. A. Reznichenko, A. G. Abubakarov, K. P. Andryushin, I. N. Andryushina, V. A. Alyoshin, N. A. Boldyrev, I. A. Verbenko, S. I. Dudkina, A. A. Pavelko, A. V. Pavlenko, H. A. Sadykov, M. V. Talanov, S. V. Titov, V. V. Titov, A. V. Turik and L. A. Shilkina Chapter 6 New Model for Piezoelectric Medium with Voids for Application to Analysis of Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Transducers and Porous Piezocomposites 145 G. Iovane and A. V. Nasedkin vi Contents Chapter 7 Comparative Study of Parametric Methods for Online Estimating the Frequency and Amplitude of Quartz Oscillators 171 A. V. Nikitin and S. V. Iushanov Chapter 8 The Limits of Measurements Accuracy Parameters of Electromagnetic Oscillations in Piezoelectric Materials 205 V. K. Ignatjev, A. A. Orlov and D. A. Stankevich Index 239 PREFACE The advanced materials and devices, fabricated on the base of nanotechnological and piezoelectric approaches and developed theoretical and experimental methods and also mathematical modeling, are very quickly introduced in numerous application areas of the modern science, techniques and technologies. There is a great interest to similar studies, which expand scientific knowledge on physical world, control and predict development of very fine processes and transformations occurring during processing, loading and work of modern materials and devices under critical conditions. The studied specimens demonstrate a broad spectrum of properties in scale from nanometers up to macroscopic range. The discussed devices and goods possess very high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in wide temperature and pressure ranges; they demonstrate characteristics directly defined by developed compositions, technical and technological solutions. This edited book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 imitates the strengthening processes of the grain boundaries, based on the model polyatomic clusters consisting of atoms of iron and other elements. The used quantum- chemical approach allows one to systematize atomic interactions on the grain-boundary surfaces, estimate the compatibility of various elements with iron on these surfaces, and connect this compatibility with the Mendeleev's periodic law. The calculation results are compared with the known experimental data and confirmed with the researches performed by using the methods of Auger and X-ray electron spectroscopy. The dependences obtained can be considered as a theoretical base for the prediction of strength properties of the polycrystalline materials with different compositions of alloying and impurity elements. The studied potential energy curves corresponding to the movement of atoms on iron surface could be useful for designing the compositions of multi-layer coats on steel. Chapter 2 is devoted to the experimental investigations, mechanism and processing methods of SiO nanostructured films formed on Si and SiC surfaces by rapid thermal 2 annealing and gas-phase photo-decomposition with presentation of technical solutions and equipment for the formation of nanosized silicon dioxide films. The films obtained can be used for technology of forming the hybrid systems of microfluidic structures in the implementation of planar processing by batch methods, microfluidic structures of channels by surface passivation etc. Chapter 3 presents the theoretical and experimental studies of properties of the nanoscale layered aluminum silicates, when they are intercalated by metal ions. There are determined the interaction mechanisms between layered aluminum silicates and nanoscale additives and viii Ivan A. Parinov explains the nature of certain physical properties of these objects. Tthe sorption capacity, mechanical and electrical properties are studied with comparison of theoretical calculations performed by the methods of molecular modeling using density functional theory and molecular dynamics, the modern experimental spectroscopic methods are applied to the study of electronic structure of these objects. These comparative results reveal correlations of micro- and macro-properties of the samples. Chapter 4 discusses the mathematical simulation of the stress and bubbles formation in sapphire crystals with consideration of the heat and mass transfer at all stages of sapphire crystal production by estimating the large number of influence factors on crystal growth and quality and determining the main causes of the defect structure formation in the solid phase. Moreover, the preliminary results of study of different defects in sapphire polished and non- polished samples were obtained by means of various experimental methods. Chapter 5 considers ceramics as physical objects on the base of statistical approach. The studied objects are the macro- and microheterogeneous (colloidal) ceramic materials with different types of microheterogeneity (crystal-layer in the ferroelectric ceramics and antiferromagnetic - ferromagnetic separation in multiferroics). The phenomena of dielectric relaxation and retardation, electric effect are described together with crystallographic characteristics of specific multicomponent compositions. Particular attention is paid to the relationship of the crystallographic characteristics for these objects with their macroscopic responses. In the context of multifractal investigations of ceramic materials, lead-free ferroelectric ceramics, solid solutions of lead zirconate-titanate, multiferroics, different solid solutions of multiple components were studied, with obtaining the results of multifractal parameterization performed during the different stages of ceramic preparation (synthesis, sintering, source components’ thermodynamic history, phase states and doping). The dielectric and pyroelectric properties of multicomponent PbTiO  PbZrO  PbNb Mg O 3 3 2/3 1/3 3 solid solutions were also investigated with revealing in the temperature dependences of dynamic pyroelectric current the additional low-temperature peaks, corresponding to the rhombohedral-tetragonal phase transition. Chapter 6 generalizes the model of the piezoelectric medium with damping properties and the Cowin-Nunziato model of the elastic medium with voids. In the generalized Cowin- Nunziato model, the field functions of mechanical displacements, electric potential and function of the porosity change are considered with formulations of the generalized continual statements for piezoelectric bodies with voids or porous and finite element approximation in the expanded and reduced forms. The mathematical properties of the natural frequencies and eigenvectors for piezoelectric bodies with voids are also investigated for different types of the boundary conditions, including the boundary conditions of mechanical and electric contact types. Some theorems are established on changes of the resonant frequencies with changes of the boundary conditions and material properties. For numerical analysis, the finite element approximations of the problems have been obtained for piezoelectric bodies with voids. The efficiency of the proposed model and finite element approximations is verified by the analysis of a focusing spherical device, made from porous piezoceramics and emitting ultrasonic waves in surrounding acoustic medium. Modal, harmonic and transient analysis for single piezoelectric emitter and full transducers, loaded on the acoustic medium, is carried out. Chapter 7 treats the methods for online estimating the frequency and amplitude of the quasi-harmonic oscillations of studied generator and some features of its implementation. The