Advanced Methods in Transportation Analysis PDF
Preview Advanced Methods in Transportation Analysis
Transportation Analysis Managing Editors Lucio Bianco, Rome Agostino La Bella, Rome Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo Titles in this Series L. Bianco· A. R. Odoni (Eds.) Large Scale Computation and Information Processing in Air Traffic Control N. H. Gartner· G. Improta (Eds.) Urban Traffic Networks Lucio Bianco · Paolo Toth (Eds.) Advanced Methods in Transportation Analysis With 146 Figures and 49 Tables Springer Professor Dr. Lucio Bianco University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemi e Produzione and Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti Viale dell'Universita 11 00185 Rome, Italy Professor Dr. Paolo Toth University of Bologna Dipartimento di Elettronica Informatica e Sistemistica Viale Risorgimento 2 40136 Bologna, Italy ISBN-13:978-3-642-85258-9 Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Advanced methods in transportation analysis: with 49 tables/Lucio Bianco; Paolo Toth (ed.). - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1996 (Transportation analysis) ISBN-13:978-3-642-85258-9 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-85256-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-85256-5 NE: Bianco, Lucio [Hrsg.] This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, re citation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. SPIN 10516312 43/2202-5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper FOREWORD This volume is a compendium of papers presented during the second TRlennal Symposium on Transportation ANalysis (TRISTAN II) that took place in Capri, Italy on June 23-28, 1994. The Symposium was organized by the Progetto Finalizzato Trasporti and the Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica of the Italian National Research Council jointly with the Italian Operations Research Society. The purpose of this kind of meetings is to periodically allow an exchange of views and findings by scientists in the field of transportation analysis methods and tools. Therefore, the papers presented dealt with a wide range of topics and cover the different aspects of transportation analysis. The material contained in this book gives particular emphasis to the development of mathematical modelling and algorithms. This development is due to the evolution of digital computers and the continuous increase of the computing power. In fact the need of solving large scale problems (crew scheduling, network traffic control, pollution monitoring and control,. etc ... ) involves in some case, thousands of variables and therefore sophisticated mathematical models and computational algorithms. Moreover, in the last years, the need for integration of transportation planning and control with management problems has increased the complexity of these models. The selected papers attempt to depict the most up to date state of the art in this direction and can be classified in three broad categories: 1. Transportation Planning; 2. Transportation Management; 3. Vehicle Management. VI The Transportation Planning category covers a large set of problems. More specifically the first four papers concern different traffic planning models. Y. Chen and M. Florian, after reviewing the previous contributions made in development of models and algorithms to estimate an (O-D) matrix by using the observed t10ws on the links of a congested traffic network, propose a non linear bilevel programming formulation for this problem. They prove the existence of solutions under several assumptions, reformulate the problem in terms of single-level optimization, and derive the optimality conditions. In a second paper, S. Berka and D. E. Boyce use an asymmetric static user-equilibrium traffic assignment model to generate link travel times for a large scale real-world transportation network. The implementation of the model shows the convergence to a stable solution which is close to the observed traffic conditions. The successive paper by P. Marcotte and D. Zhu deals with a traffic assignment model where two criteria, namely time and money, are explicitly considered. The authors propose a solution procedure more efficient than the similar previous models. The fourth paper by M.G.H. Bell et al. provides a path t10w estimator on the basis of measurements of link flows. The estimator proposed is designed to produce, under the assumption of stochastic user equilibrium assignment, turning movements for the DEDALE network in Lyon. The second set of transportation planning models address in particular the design and evaluation of urban transportation networks. A. Di Febbraro and S. Sacone propose a discrete event model to evaluate the performances and develop control strategies of a urban intermodal network. Successively, in the paper by A. $chobel, the problem of zone planning in public transportation systems is analyzed. The goal is to design the zones so that the zone tariff is as close as possible to the distance tariff. The developed model has been applied to the data of a regional public transportation company in Germany. VII A multicriteria evaluation model to reorganize the bus transit system, is described in the paper by M. Bielli et al. The proposed method has been applied to the urban network of Parma, that is a medium size Italian city. In the following paper by Y. Israeli and A. Ceder, the transit route design problem is considered and formulated in terms of non linear programming with mixed variables. For this problem a heuristic solution procedure is proposed. The last two papers of this set deals the parking problem in urban areas. S. Carrese et al. develop a model to define the parking locations on the basis of a simulation of choices of different user classes on a multi-modal network. A. Sciomachen instead, given the parking facilities, develops a prototype of a Decision Support System able to guide car drivers to a parking site and to plan, at the same time, the multi modal paths. The last set of papers included in the first category concerns with traffic dynamic assignment models. M. Di Gangi and V. Astarita present a dynamic network loading model which allows to simulate the effects of regulation strategies on users' behaviour. The model removes some of the drawbacks of other similar approaches proposed in the literature, and explicitly allows the en-route modification of the followed path. The successive paper by G. Bellei and M. Bielli deals with the evaluation of potential benefits of new information systems to road users and of demand regulatory measures in congested networks. The model utilized, based on a simple link performance model embedded in a dynamic assignment procedure, has been applied to small size test networks. A muItidestination system optimal dy'namic traffic assignment model with distributed parameters is presented by E. Codina and .T. Barcelo. This model allows to overcome the limitations of the previous models, since it represents more adequately the evolution of traffic flows under route guidance systems. VIII The last paper included in the category of transportation planning is by A. Nuzzolo and E. Russo. They analyze the problem of intercity and extraurban transit assignment in the framework of the stochastic approach. Random utility models of path choice and time-space network models, explicitly considering timetables, are utilized. The issue of Transportation Management is tackled in the following four papers. The first two address the large-scale network management. L. Grandinetti et a1. present an innovative method which utilizes high performance parallel computers to solve large-scale non linear network flow problems arising in the transportation field. Successively, N. Christofides et a1. examine the problem of data management of a large-scale transportation network. They propose a new dynamic structure for the representation of the tree associated to the network, and present a scheme for its memory management. The next two papers, both by W . .T. Hurley and E.R. Petersen, are referred to the economic aspects of freight transportation. In the first-one, the problem of prices regulation in rail freight markets is discussed. The authors analyze the efficiency of the two standard economic solutions, Marginal Cost Pricing and Ramsey Pricing, relative to Deregulated Prices. They conclude that these regulatory solutions do not enhance efficiency relative to a regime of commercial freedom. The second paper is devoted to the freight network equilibrium problem. Both the cases of carriers acting cooperatively and noncooperatively are examined. The authors show that both formulations are equivalent. The third category of papers, denoted as Vehicle Management, includes nine contributions. The first three papers address the utilization of information systems, based on the information technology, in traffic management. The acceptance of route guidance systems by motorists is analyzed in the first paper by M. Ben-Akiva et a1. In particular the impact of the main factors on the behaviour of users is investigated for a small IX prototypical network. The analytical results allow to identify the critical factors involved in the design of driver information systems. Successively, again M. Ben-Akiva et al. present an on-line traffic prediction system for an interurban motorway network. It forecasts in real time, traffic conditions on the network and provides information to a traffic control centre. In the following paper, Y. Asakura describes a simulation model which allows to evaluate the effects of parking guidance and information systems on drivers' parking choice behaviour and overall transportation system performance. The traffic control problems in urban systems are tackled in three papers. Firstly, A. Adamski presents different dispatching control tools for the improvement of public transit service realiability. Then, A. Ceder and I. Reshetnik propose a self-tuning system for controlling intersections in undersatured and oversatured conditions. Finally, P. Dell'Olmo and P.B. Mirchandani illustrate a model for real-time traffic coordination in a urban network. This model provides a prediction of traffic movements and evaluates the performance of any signal timing strategy. The last three papers are devoted to some important routing and scheduling problems strictly related to applications in the transportation field. In the first paper, W.B. Powell and D.H. Gittoes develop an approximate algorithm for the dynamic assignment problem. This problem can represent several dynamic routing and scheduling problems arising in different contexts as, for example, the fleet management for motor carriers. Successively, P. Toth and D. Vi go examine the Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls and propose an effective heuristic algorithm for its solution. The last paper of the volume, by R.S.K. Kwan and A. Wren, deals with the bus driver scheduling problem. A hybrid approach, which incorporates Genetic Algorithms, a rule-based driver duties Estimator, and an integer linear programming method, is described. x Concluding, this book is, of course, by no means a complete survey of the transportation analysis field. However. we believe that the previously illustrated papers provide additional evidence of the strides being made in advanced transportation analysis research. It is noteworthy that, to varying degrees, the methods described herein have benefited not only from advances in data processing technologies and management science, as might be expected, but also from striking recent progress in such areas as software engineering, telecommunications, and other acquisition data technologies. will Finally, the editors hope that this volume give a further contribution to the progress of transportation science. Lucio Bianco Paolo Toth
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