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M.Nelkon&R Parker M.Nelkon&R Parker Advanced Advanced Level Level Physics Physics Third Edition With SI Units *£§iP ' HEB Advanced Level Physics Books by M. Nelkon Publishedby Heinemann ADVANCED LEVEL PRACTICAL PHYSICS (with J. Ogbom) SCHOLARSHIP PHYSICS (Si) LIGHT AND SOUND (Si) MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER (Si) PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS (Si) REVISION NOTES IN PHYSICS (Si) Book I, Heat, Light, Sound Book II. Electricity, AtomicPhysics, Mechanics, PropertiesofMatter GRADED EXERCISES IN PHYSICS (Si) TEST PAPERS IN PHYSICS (Si) REVISION BOOK IN ORDINARY LEVEL PHYSICS (Si) elementary physics, Book I and II (with A. F. Abbott) AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MATHEMATICS OF PHYSICS (with J. H. Avery) GENERAL SCIENCE PHYSICS electronics and radio (with H. I. Humphreys) SOLUTIONS TO ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS QUESTIONS (Si) SOLUTIONS TO ORDINARY LEVEL PHYSICS QUESTIONS (Si) Publishedby Chatto & Windus FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS (O-Level, Si) EXERCISES IN ORDINARY LEVEL PHYSICS (with SI units) C.S.E. PHYSICS REVISION BOOK IN C.S.E. PHYSICS SI UNITS: AN INTRODUCTION FOR ADVANCED LEVEL Published by EdwardArnold ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM electricity (Advanced Level, si) Publishedby Blackie heat (Advanced Level, SI) Books by P. Parker Publishedby Heinemann intermediate heat electricity and magnetism PublishedbyArnold electronics Advanced Level Physics Third edition with SI units M. NELKON, M.Sc.(Lond.), F.Inst.P., A.K.C. formerly Head of the Science Department, William Ellis School, London P. PARKER, M.Sc, F.lnst.P., A.M.I.E.E. Late Senior Lecturer in Physics, The City University, London HEINEMANN EDUCATIONAL BOOKS LTD LONDON Heinemann Educational Books Ltd LONDON EDINBURGH MELBOURNE TORONTO SINGAPORE JOHANNESBURG AUCKLAND IBADAN HONG KONG NAIROBI NEW DELHI ISBN 435 686364 M. Nelkon and Mrs. P. Parker 1958, 1961, 1964, 1965 1966, 1968, 1970 First published as one volume 1958 Reprinted 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962 Second edition 1964 Reprinted with additions 1965 Reprinted with additions 1966 Reprinted with corrections 1968 Third edition (SI) 1970 Reprinted 1970 Published by Heinemann Educational Books Ltd 48 Charles Street, London WIX8AH Parts 1, 2 and 4 Phototypeset by Keyspools Ltd., Golborne, Lanes. Illustrations drawn by Bucken Ltd., Wealdstone, Middlesex Printed and bound in Great Britain by Jarrold and Sons Ltd, Norwich ; Preface to Third Edition This edition covers the new syllabus of the examining boards and is written in SI units to conform to their use in all future Advanced level examinations. The main change in the text has been in the sections in Electricity on magnetic and electric fields and their associated phenomena. In the treatment, (i) magnetic flux density or induction B and electric intensityEhave been usedinpreference toH andD—thisfollows the recommendations of the 1966 report of the Association for Science Education, (ii)magneticfluxdensityhasbeendefinedfromtherelation F= BIl. A new section on electromagnetic waves has been added. Other changes are as follows: Waves. This has now been treated generally. Optics. The sections on interference and diffraction have been expanded. Sound. An account ofrecording on tape and film has been added. Heat Thejoule hasbeen usedas the unitofheatand van . der Waals' equation has been discussed. Properties ofMatter The . repulsive and attractive forces between molecules have been em- phasised. Mechanics.Therearefurtherdiscussionsonangularmomen- tum and the dynamics ofa rigid body. Throughout the text, worked examples in SI units have been given to assist the student and the exercisesattheendofchapterscontainrecentquestionsfromexamining boards. Itis hoped that this SIedition will continue to assist students ofAdvanced level standard. We are very much indebted to M. V. Detheridge, Woodhouse GrammarSchool,London,forhisvaluableco-operationinthewriting andthepreparationofthenewelectricitysectionsandforhisgenerous assistancewiththisedition.WearealsogratefultoRev.M.D.Phillips, O.S.B., Ampleforth College, York; S. S. Alexander, Woodhouse GrammarSchool,London C.A.Boyle,WilliamEllisSchool,London ; S. Freake, Queen's College, Cambridge, and R. P. T. Hills, St. John's College, Cambridge, for reading parts of the work; and to Prof. M. L. McGlashan, Exeter University, and M. Sayer, Chetham's Hospital School, Manchester, for advice on SI units. Iamgratefultothefollowingforpermissiontoincludephotographs in this book. To the Head of the Physics Department, the City University, London, for Newton rings, Fresnel biprism interference bands, Diffraction rings and Diffraction bands; to the late Sir J. J. Thomson for Positive Rays photographs; to the National Chemical Laboratory, for X-Ray diffraction rings; to Lord Blackett of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, for Transmutation of Nitrogen toProfessorGeorgeThomsonandtheScienceMuseum,for ; Electrondiffractionrings; and finallyto the United KingdomAtomic Energy Authority for Van der Graff Electrostatic Generator and Nuclear Research Reactor. Thanks are due to the following Examining Boards for their kind permission to translate numerical quantities in past questions to SI units; the translation is the sole responsibility ofthe author: London University School Examinations (L.), Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board (O. & C), Joint Matriculation Board (N.), Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (C), Oxford Delegacy ofLocal Examinations (O.). 1970 M.N. :; Preface to First Edition This text-book is designed for Advanced Level students ofPhysics, and covers Mechanics and Properties of Matter, Heat, Optics, and Sound. ElectricityandAtomicPhysics to that standard. Itis based on the experience gained over many years ofteaching and lecturing to a widevariety ofstudentsinschools and polytechnics. In the treatment, an Ordinary Level knowledge of the subject is assumed. We have aimed at presenting the physical aspect of topics asmuchaspossible,andthenatprovidingthemathematicalarguments and formulae necessary for a thorough understanding. Historical details have also been given to provide a balanced perspective ofthe subject.Asahelptothestudent,numerousworkedexamplesfrompast examination papers have beenincluded in the text. Itispossibleheretomentiononlyafewpointsborneinmindbythe authors. In Mechanics and Properties ofMatter, the theory ofdimen- sionshasbeenutilizedwherethemathematicsisdifficult, asinthesub- jectofviscosity,andthe"excesspressure"formulahasbeenextensively usedinthe treatmentofsurface tension. InHeat, thekinetictheoryof gases has been fully discussed, and the experiments of Joule and Andrewshavebeenpresentedindetail.Theconstantvalueofnsin /has beenemphasizedinrefractionatplanesurfacesinOptics,thereisafull treatment ofopticaltreatment ofoptical instruments, and accounts of interference, diffraction and polarization. In Sound, the physical principles of stationary waves, and their applications to pipes and strings,havebeengivenprominence. Finally,inElectricitytheelectron andionhave beenusedextensivelyto produce explanations ofpheno- mena in electrostatics, electromagnetism, electrolysis and atomic physics theconceptofe.m.f. hasbeenlinkedattheoutsetwithenergy ; and there are accounts ofmeasurements and instruments. We acknowledgeourgratitudetothefollowingfortheirkindnessin readingsectionsoftheworkbeforethecompletevolumewascompiled Mr. J. H. Avery, Stockport GrammarSchool; Dr. J. Duffey, formerly ofWatford Technical College; Mr. J. Newton, The City University, London; Mr. A. W. K. Ingram, Lawrence Sheriff School, Rugby; Mr. O. C. Gay, College of Technology, Hull Mr. T. N. Littledale, ; Gunnersbury Grammar School Mr. C. R. Ensor, Downside School, ; Bath; Mr. L. S. Powell, Garnett College, London; Dr. D. W. Stops, The City University, London; and Professor H. T. Flint, formerly of London University. Preface to Second Edition In this edition I have added an introduction to Atomic Structure, which covers the Advanced level syllabus on this topic. I amparticu- larlyindebtedtoMr.J. Yarwood, M.Sc.,F.Inst.P., headofthephysics and mathematics department, Regent Street Polytechnic, London, for readingthissection andforvaluable advice, and to Prof. L. Pincherle, BedfordCollege, LondonUniversity, forhiskindassistanceinpartsof the text. I am also indebted to G. Ullyott, Charterhouse School and L. G. Mead, Wellington School, Somerset, for their helpful comments on dynamics and optics respectively.