Advanced Image Processing in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Signal Processing and Communications) PDF
Preview Advanced Image Processing in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Signal Processing and Communications)
DK2411_series.qxd 7/1/05 1:47 PM Page 1 Signal Processing and Communications Editorial Board Maurice G. Ballanger, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Paris Ezio Biglieri,Politecnico di Torino, Italy Sadaoki Furui, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yih-Fang Huang,University of Notre Dame Nikil Jayant, Georgia Institute of Technology Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Northwestern University Mos Kaveh, University of Minnesota P. K. Raja Rajasekaran, Texas Instruments John Aasted Sorenson, IT University of Copenhagen 1. Digital Signal Processing for Multimedia Systems, edited by Keshab K. Parhi and Takao Nishitani 2. Multimedia Systems, Standards, and Networks, edited by Atul Puri and Tsuhan Chen 3. Embedded Multiprocessors: Scheduling and Synchronization, Sundararajan Sriram and Shuvra S. Bhattacharyya 4. Signal Processing for Intelligent Sensor Systems, David C. Swanson 5. Compressed Video over Networks, edited by Ming-Ting Sun and Amy R. Reibman 6. Modulated Coding for Intersymbol Interference Channels, Xiang-Gen Xia 7. Digital Speech Processing, Synthesis, and Recognition: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Sadaoki Furui 8. Modern Digital Halftoning, Daniel L. Lau and Gonzalo R. Arce 9. Blind Equalization and Identification, Zhi Ding and Ye (Geoffrey) Li 10. Video Coding for Wireless Communication Systems, King N. Ngan, Chi W. Yap, and Keng T. Tan 11. Adaptive Digital Filters: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Maurice G. Bellanger 12. Design of Digital Video Coding Systems, Jie Chen, Ut-Va Koc, and K. J. Ray Liu 13. Programmable Digital Signal Processors: Architecture, Programming, and Applications, edited by Yu Hen Hu 14. Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Sing-Tze Bow 15. Signal Processing for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy, edited by Hong Yan © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_series.qxd 7/1/05 1:47 PM Page 2 16. Satellite Communication Engineering, Michael O. Kolawole 17. Speech Processing: ADynamic and Optimization-Oriented Approach, Li Deng 18. Multidimensional Discrete Unitary Transforms: Representation: Partitioning and Algorithms, Artyom M. Grigoryan, Sos S. Agaian, S.S. Agaian 19. High-Resolution and Robust Signal Processing, Yingbo Hua, Alex B. Gershman and QiCheng 20. Domain-Specific Processors: Systems, Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation, Shuvra Bhattacharyya; Ed Deprettere; Jurgen Teich 21. Watermarking Systems Engineering: Enabling Digital Assets Security and Other Applications, Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini 22. Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing: MATLAB-Based Applications, John L. Semmlow 23. Broadband Last Mile Technologies: Access Technologies for Multimedia Communications, edited by Nikil Jayant 24. Image Processing Technologies: Algorithms, Sensors, and Applications, edited by Kiyoharu Aizawa, Katsuhiko Sakaue and Yasuhito Suenaga 25. Medical Image Processing, Reconstruction and Restoration: Concepts and Methods, Jiri Jan 26. Multi-Sensor Image Fusion and Its Applications, edited by Rick Blum and Zheng Liu 27. Advanced Image Processing in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, edited by Luigi Landini, Vincenzo Positano and Maria Santarelli © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_title 7/29/05 12:58 PM Page 1 Advanced Magnetic Image in Resonance Processing Imaging edited by Luigi Landini Vincenzo Positano Maria Filomena Santarelli Boca Raton London New York A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, April 27, 2005 1:32 PM Published in 2005 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8247-2542-5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8247-2542-6 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005043995 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Advance image processing in magnetic resonance imaging / edited by Luigi Landini, Vicenzo Positno, Maria Santarelli. p. cm. -- (Signal processing and communications ; 26) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8247-2542-5 1. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2. Image processing. I. Landini, Luigi. II. Positano, Vicenzo. III. Santarelli, Maria. IV. Series. RC78.7.N83A377 2005 616.07'548--dc22 2005043995 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_C000.fm Page v Wednesday, August 10, 2005 12:04 PM Preface Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging produces images of the human tissues in a noninvasive manner, revealing the structure, metabolism, and function of tissues and organs. The impact of this image technique in diagnostic radiology is impres- sive, due to its versatility and flexibility in joining high-quality anatomical images with functional information. Signal and image processing play a decisive role in the exploitation of MR imaging features, allowing for the extraction of diagnostic and metabolic informa- tion from images.This book attempts to cover all updated aspects of MR image processing, ranging from new acquisition techniques to state-of-art imaging tech- niques. Because the textbook provides the tools necessary to understand the physical and chemical principles, and the basic signal and image processing concepts and applications, it is a valuable reference book for scientists, and an essential source for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines. The book’s 18 chapters are divided into five sections. The first section focuses on MR signal and image generation and reconstruction, the basics of MR imaging, advanced reconstruction algorithms, and the parallel MRI field. In the second section, the state-of-art techniques for MR images filtering are described. In par- ticular, the second section covers the signal and noise estimation, the inhomoge- neities correction and the more advanced image filtering techniques, taking into account the peculiar features of the noise in MR images. Quantitative analysis is a key issue in MR diagnostic imaging. The third section’s topics range from image registration to integration of EEG and MEG techniques with MR imaging. Two chapters cover the cardiac image quantitative analysis issue. In the fourth section, MR spectroscopy is described, from both the signal generation and the data analysis point of view. Diffusion tensor MR imaging and MR elastography are also examined. Finally, in the last section, the functional MR image processing is described in detail. Fundamentals and advanced data analysis (as exploratory approach), bayesian inference, and nonlinear analysis are also depicted. Experts from all fields of MRI have cooperated in preparing this book. We would like to thank all authors for their excellent and up-to-date chapters. Some overlap was unavoidable, due to the multiple connections in MR image processing fields. The outline of this book was born at the MR Laboratory at the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology in Pisa, Italy. The MR Laboratory is a multidisciplinary arena for biomedical engineers, physicists, computer scientists, radiologists, cardiologists, and neuroscientists, and it shares experts from CNR and university departments. For this textbook, we are sincerely grateful to professor Luigi Donato, the chief of the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, and the pioneer of the multidisci- plinary approach to biomedicine. © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_C000.fm Page vii Wednesday, August 10, 2005 12:04 PM Contributors Antonio Benassi Elia Formisano Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Department of Cognitive Pisa, Italy Neurosciences Faculty of Psychology University of Maastricht Alessandra Bertoldo Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Information Engineering Alejandro Frangi University of Padova C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Padova, Italy Physiology Department of Technology Pompev Fabra University Sergio Cerutti Barcelona, Spain Department of Biomedical Engineering Karl J. Friston Polytechnic University The Wellcome Department of Imaging Milano, Italy Neuroscience University College London Claudio Cobelli London, U.K. Department of Information Rainer Goebel Engineering Department of Cognitive University of Padova Neurosciences Padova, Italy Faculty of Psychology University of Maastricht Arjan J. den Dekker Maastricht, The Netherlands Delft Center for Systems and Control Steven Haker Delft University of Technology Harvard University School of Delft, The Netherlands Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Francesco Di Salle Department of Neurological Yaroslav O. Halchenko Sciences Psychology Department University of Naples, Italy Rutgers University Naples, Italy Newark, New Jersey © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_C000.fm Page viii Wednesday, August 10, 2005 12:04 PM Stephen Jose Hanson Boudewijn P.F. Lelieveldt Rutgers University Laboratory for Clinical and Psychology Department Experimental Image Processing Newark, New Jersey Department of Radiology, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands W. Scott Hoge Zhi-Pei Liang Harvard University School of Department of Electrical Engineering Medicine & Computer Engineering Brigham and Women’s Hospital University of Illinois at Urbana Boston, Massachusetts Urbana, Illinois Filip Jiru Massimo Lombardi Section of Experimental MR of the MRI Laboratory CNS Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Department of Neuroradiology Pisa, Italy Tübingen, Germany Luca T. Mainardi Department of Biomedical Uwe Klose Engineering Section of Experimental MR of the Polytechnic University CNS Milano, Italy Department of Neuroradiology Tübingen, Germany Armando Manduca Mayo Clinic and Foundation Rochester, Minnesota Walid Elias Kyriakos Harvard University School of Wiro J. Niessen Medicine Image Sciences Institute Brigham and Women’s Hospital Utrecht University Boston, Massachusetts Utrecht, The Netherlands Luigi Landini Lauren O’Donnell Department of Information Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Harvard Division of Health, Science University of Pisa and Technology Pisa, Italy Boston, Massachusetts Koen Van Leemput Barakk A. Pearlmutter HUS Helsinki Medical Imaging Hamilton Insitute and Department of Center Computer Science Helsinki, Finland Kildare, Ireland © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_C000.fm Page ix Wednesday, August 10, 2005 12:04 PM William D. Penny M.A. Viergever The Wellcome Department of Imaging Image Sciences Institute Neuroscience Utrecht University University College London Utrecht, The Netherlands London, U.K. Yongmei Michelle Wang Vincenzo Positano Departments of Statistics, Psychology Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Bioengineering Pisa, Italy University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Maria Filomena Santarelli Champaign, Illinois Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa, Italy Carl-Fredrik Westin Jan Sijbers Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging Vision Laboratory, Campus Harvard Medical School Middelheim Brigham and Women’s Hospital University of Antwerp Boston, Massachusetts Antwerp, Belgium Leslie Ying Martin Styner Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Computer Science and Computer Science University of North Carolina University of Wisonsin Chapel Hill, North Carolina Milwaukee, Wisconsin Nicola Vanello Alistair A. Young Department of Electrical Systems Department of Anatomy with and Automation Radiology University of Pisa University of Auckland Pisa, Italy Auckland, New Zealand Francessca Zanderigo Department of Information Engineering University of Padova Padova, Italy © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC DK2411_C000.fm Page xi Wednesday, August 10, 2005 12:04 PM Contents Part I Signal and Image Generation and Reconstruction Chapter 1 Basic Physics of MR Signal and Image Generation......................3 Maria Filomena Santarelli Chapter 2 Advanced Image Reconstruction Methods in MRI......................39 Leslie Ying and Zhi-Pei Liang Chapter 3 Parallel MRI: Concepts and Methods...........................................57 Walid Elias Kyriakos and W. Scott Hoge Part II SNR Improvement and Inhomogeneities Correction Chapter 4 Estimation of Signal and Noise Parameters from MR Data........85 Arjan J. den Dekker and J. Sijbers Chapter 5 Retrospective Evaluation and Correction of Intensity Inhomogeneity.............................................................................145 Martin Styner and Koen Van Leemput Chapter 6 Noise Filtering Methods in MRI.................................................169 Luigi Landini, Massimo Lombardi and Antonio Benassi Part III Image Processing and Quantitative Analysis Chapter 7 Image Registration Methods in MRI..........................................189 Vincenzo Positano © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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