Table Of ContentDK2411_series.qxd 7/1/05 1:47 PM Page 1
Signal Processing and Communications
Editorial Board
Maurice G. Ballanger, Conservatoire National
des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Paris
Ezio Biglieri,Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Sadaoki Furui, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Yih-Fang Huang,University of Notre Dame
Nikil Jayant, Georgia Institute of Technology
Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Northwestern University
Mos Kaveh, University of Minnesota
P. K. Raja Rajasekaran, Texas Instruments
John Aasted Sorenson, IT University of Copenhagen
1. Digital Signal Processing for Multimedia Systems, edited by Keshab K. Parhi
and Takao Nishitani
2. Multimedia Systems, Standards, and Networks, edited by Atul Puri
and Tsuhan Chen
3. Embedded Multiprocessors: Scheduling and Synchronization, Sundararajan
Sriram and Shuvra S. Bhattacharyya
4. Signal Processing for Intelligent Sensor Systems, David C. Swanson
5. Compressed Video over Networks, edited by Ming-Ting Sun and Amy R. Reibman
6. Modulated Coding for Intersymbol Interference Channels, Xiang-Gen Xia
7. Digital Speech Processing, Synthesis, and Recognition: Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded, Sadaoki Furui
8. Modern Digital Halftoning, Daniel L. Lau and Gonzalo R. Arce
9. Blind Equalization and Identification, Zhi Ding and Ye (Geoffrey) Li
10. Video Coding for Wireless Communication Systems, King N. Ngan, Chi W. Yap,
and Keng T. Tan
11. Adaptive Digital Filters: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Maurice G. Bellanger
12. Design of Digital Video Coding Systems, Jie Chen, Ut-Va Koc, and K. J. Ray Liu
13. Programmable Digital Signal Processors: Architecture, Programming,
and Applications, edited by Yu Hen Hu
14. Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing: Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, Sing-Tze Bow
15. Signal Processing for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy,
edited by Hong Yan
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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16. Satellite Communication Engineering, Michael O. Kolawole
17. Speech Processing: ADynamic and Optimization-Oriented Approach, Li Deng
18. Multidimensional Discrete Unitary Transforms: Representation: Partitioning
and Algorithms, Artyom M. Grigoryan, Sos S. Agaian, S.S. Agaian
19. High-Resolution and Robust Signal Processing, Yingbo Hua, Alex B. Gershman
and QiCheng
20. Domain-Specific Processors: Systems, Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation,
Shuvra Bhattacharyya; Ed Deprettere; Jurgen Teich
21. Watermarking Systems Engineering: Enabling Digital Assets Security
and Other Applications, Mauro Barni, Franco Bartolini
22. Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing: MATLAB-Based Applications,
John L. Semmlow
23. Broadband Last Mile Technologies: Access Technologies for Multimedia
Communications, edited by Nikil Jayant
24. Image Processing Technologies: Algorithms, Sensors, and Applications,
edited by Kiyoharu Aizawa, Katsuhiko Sakaue and Yasuhito Suenaga
25. Medical Image Processing, Reconstruction and Restoration: Concepts
and Methods, Jiri Jan
26. Multi-Sensor Image Fusion and Its Applications, edited by Rick Blum
and Zheng Liu
27. Advanced Image Processing in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, edited by
Luigi Landini, Vincenzo Positano and Maria Santarelli
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
DK2411_title 7/29/05 12:58 PM Page 1
Advanced Magnetic
Image in Resonance
Processing Imaging
edited by
Luigi Landini
Vincenzo Positano
Maria Filomena Santarelli
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
DK2411_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, April 27, 2005 1:32 PM
Published in 2005 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8247-2542-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8247-2542-6 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005043995
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Advance image processing in magnetic resonance imaging / edited by Luigi Landini, Vicenzo Positno,
Maria Santarelli.
p. cm. -- (Signal processing and communications ; 26)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8247-2542-5
1. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2. Image processing. I. Landini, Luigi. II. Positano, Vicenzo. III.
Santarelli, Maria. IV. Series.
RC78.7.N83A377 2005
616.07'548--dc22 2005043995
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com
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Preface
Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging produces images of the human tissues in a
noninvasive manner, revealing the structure, metabolism, and function of tissues
and organs. The impact of this image technique in diagnostic radiology is impres-
sive, due to its versatility and flexibility in joining high-quality anatomical images
with functional information.
Signal and image processing play a decisive role in the exploitation of MR
imaging features, allowing for the extraction of diagnostic and metabolic informa-
tion from images.This book attempts to cover all updated aspects of MR image
processing, ranging from new acquisition techniques to state-of-art imaging tech-
niques. Because the textbook provides the tools necessary to understand the physical
and chemical principles, and the basic signal and image processing concepts and
applications, it is a valuable reference book for scientists, and an essential source
for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
The book’s 18 chapters are divided into five sections. The first section focuses
on MR signal and image generation and reconstruction, the basics of MR imaging,
advanced reconstruction algorithms, and the parallel MRI field. In the second
section, the state-of-art techniques for MR images filtering are described. In par-
ticular, the second section covers the signal and noise estimation, the inhomoge-
neities correction and the more advanced image filtering techniques, taking into
account the peculiar features of the noise in MR images. Quantitative analysis is
a key issue in MR diagnostic imaging. The third section’s topics range from image
registration to integration of EEG and MEG techniques with MR imaging. Two
chapters cover the cardiac image quantitative analysis issue. In the fourth section,
MR spectroscopy is described, from both the signal generation and the data
analysis point of view. Diffusion tensor MR imaging and MR elastography are
also examined. Finally, in the last section, the functional MR image processing is
described in detail. Fundamentals and advanced data analysis (as exploratory
approach), bayesian inference, and nonlinear analysis are also depicted.
Experts from all fields of MRI have cooperated in preparing this book. We would
like to thank all authors for their excellent and up-to-date chapters. Some overlap was
unavoidable, due to the multiple connections in MR image processing fields.
The outline of this book was born at the MR Laboratory at the CNR Institute of
Clinical Physiology in Pisa, Italy. The MR Laboratory is a multidisciplinary arena
for biomedical engineers, physicists, computer scientists, radiologists, cardiologists,
and neuroscientists, and it shares experts from CNR and university departments.
For this textbook, we are sincerely grateful to professor Luigi Donato, the chief
of the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, and the pioneer of the multidisci-
plinary approach to biomedicine.
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Contributors
Antonio Benassi Elia Formisano
Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR Department of Cognitive
Pisa, Italy Neurosciences
Faculty of Psychology
University of Maastricht
Alessandra Bertoldo Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Information
Engineering
Alejandro Frangi
University of Padova
C.N.R. Institute of Clinical
Padova, Italy
Physiology
Department of Technology
Pompev Fabra University
Sergio Cerutti
Barcelona, Spain
Department of Biomedical
Engineering
Karl J. Friston
Polytechnic University
The Wellcome Department of Imaging
Milano, Italy
Neuroscience
University College London
Claudio Cobelli London, U.K.
Department of Information
Rainer Goebel
Engineering
Department of Cognitive
University of Padova
Neurosciences
Padova, Italy
Faculty of Psychology
University of Maastricht
Arjan J. den Dekker Maastricht, The Netherlands
Delft Center for Systems and
Control Steven Haker
Delft University of Technology Harvard University School of
Delft, The Netherlands Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Francesco Di Salle
Department of Neurological Yaroslav O. Halchenko
Sciences Psychology Department
University of Naples, Italy Rutgers University
Naples, Italy Newark, New Jersey
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Stephen Jose Hanson Boudewijn P.F. Lelieveldt
Rutgers University Laboratory for Clinical and
Psychology Department Experimental Image Processing
Newark, New Jersey Department of Radiology, Leiden
University Leiden, The Netherlands
W. Scott Hoge
Zhi-Pei Liang
Harvard University School of
Department of Electrical Engineering
Medicine
& Computer Engineering
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
University of Illinois at Urbana
Boston, Massachusetts
Urbana, Illinois
Filip Jiru Massimo Lombardi
Section of Experimental MR of the MRI Laboratory
CNS Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR
Department of Neuroradiology Pisa, Italy
Tübingen, Germany
Luca T. Mainardi
Department of Biomedical
Uwe Klose Engineering
Section of Experimental MR of the Polytechnic University
CNS Milano, Italy
Department of Neuroradiology
Tübingen, Germany Armando Manduca
Mayo Clinic and Foundation
Rochester, Minnesota
Walid Elias Kyriakos
Harvard University School of
Wiro J. Niessen
Medicine
Image Sciences Institute
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Utrecht University
Boston, Massachusetts
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Luigi Landini Lauren O’Donnell
Department of Information Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Engineering Harvard Division of Health, Science
University of Pisa and Technology
Pisa, Italy Boston, Massachusetts
Koen Van Leemput Barakk A. Pearlmutter
HUS Helsinki Medical Imaging Hamilton Insitute and Department of
Center Computer Science
Helsinki, Finland Kildare, Ireland
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William D. Penny M.A. Viergever
The Wellcome Department of Imaging Image Sciences Institute
Neuroscience Utrecht University
University College London Utrecht, The Netherlands
London, U.K.
Yongmei Michelle Wang
Vincenzo Positano
Departments of Statistics, Psychology
Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR
Bioengineering
Pisa, Italy
University of Illinois at
Urbana–Champaign
Maria Filomena Santarelli
Champaign, Illinois
Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR
Pisa, Italy
Carl-Fredrik Westin
Jan Sijbers Laboratory of Mathematics in Imaging
Vision Laboratory, Campus Harvard Medical School
Middelheim Brigham and Women’s Hospital
University of Antwerp Boston, Massachusetts
Antwerp, Belgium
Leslie Ying
Martin Styner Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Computer Science
University of North Carolina University of Wisonsin
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Nicola Vanello Alistair A. Young
Department of Electrical Systems Department of Anatomy with
and Automation Radiology
University of Pisa University of Auckland
Pisa, Italy Auckland, New Zealand
Francessca Zanderigo
Department of Information Engineering
University of Padova
Padova, Italy
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Part I
Signal and Image Generation and Reconstruction
Chapter 1 Basic Physics of MR Signal and Image Generation......................3
Maria Filomena Santarelli
Chapter 2 Advanced Image Reconstruction Methods in MRI......................39
Leslie Ying and Zhi-Pei Liang
Chapter 3 Parallel MRI: Concepts and Methods...........................................57
Walid Elias Kyriakos and W. Scott Hoge
Part II
SNR Improvement and Inhomogeneities Correction
Chapter 4 Estimation of Signal and Noise Parameters from MR Data........85
Arjan J. den Dekker and J. Sijbers
Chapter 5 Retrospective Evaluation and Correction of Intensity
Inhomogeneity.............................................................................145
Martin Styner and Koen Van Leemput
Chapter 6 Noise Filtering Methods in MRI.................................................169
Luigi Landini, Massimo Lombardi and Antonio Benassi
Part III
Image Processing and Quantitative Analysis
Chapter 7 Image Registration Methods in MRI..........................................189
Vincenzo Positano
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
