Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications

729 Pages·2013·82.837 MB·English

by  J Bai

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer
matrix composites
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering:
Number 43
Non-destructive
evaluation (NDE) of
polymer matrix
composites
Techniques and applications
Edited by
Vistasp M. Karbhari
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
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First published 2013, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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ISSN 2052-5281 Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and
Engineering (print)
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Engineering (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
Contributor contact details xv
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science
and Engineering xxi
Part I Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and
non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques 1
1 Introduction: the future of non-destructive evaluation
(NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM) 3
V. M. Karbhari, University of Texas at Arlington, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health
monitoring (SHM) 4
1.3 Conclusion and future trends 10
1.4 References 11
2 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
acoustic emission (AE) 12
J. Q. Huang, The Boeing Company, USA
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Fundamentals of acoustic emission (AE) 13
2.3 Acoustic emission (AE) testing 23
2.4 Comparisons 27
2.5 Future trends 28
2.6 Sources of further information and advice 30
2.7 References 32
3 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: eddy
current techniques 33
H. Heuer, Dresden University of Technology and
Fraunhofer Institute for Non-Destructive Testing,
Germany and M. H. Schulze and N. Meyendorf,
Fraunhofer Institute for Non-Destructive Testing, Germany
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
vi Contents
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Eddy current testing: principles and technologies 35
3.3 High-frequency eddy current imaging of carbon fi ber
materials and carbon fi ber reinforced polymer (CFRPs)
composites 43
3.4 Analytical methods for data processing 48
3.5 Conclusion 54
3.6 References 54
4 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
introduction to shearography 56
D. Francis, Cranfi eld University, UK
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 The theoretical principles of shearography 57
4.3 The practical application of shearography 62
4.4 Shearography for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of
composite materials 70
4.5 Comparing shearography with other techniques 75
4.6 Future trends 76
4.7 Sources of further information and advice 79
4.8 References 80
5 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
digital shearography 84
Y. Y. Hung and L. X. Yang, Oakland University, USA
and Y. H. Huang, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research
and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Principles of digital shearography 85
5.3 The practical application of digital shearography 98
5.4 Using digital shearography to test composites 101
5.5 Conclusion 109
5.6 Acknowledgment 110
5.7 References and further reading 110
6 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
dielectric techniques for testing partially or
non-conducting composite materials 116
R. A. Pethrick, University of Strathclyde, UK
6.1 Introduction 116
6.2 Low-frequency dielectric measurement of partially
conductive and insulating composite materials 118
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
6.3 Low-frequency dielectric cure monitoring 120
6.4 Low-frequency dielectric measurement of water ingress
into composite structures 124
6.5 High-frequency measurements of dielectric properties 127
6.6 Conclusion 132
6.7 Acknowledgements 133
6.8 References 134
7 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
using ultrasound to monitor the curing of composites 136
W. Stark, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research
and Testing, Germany and W. Bohmeyer, Sensor and
Laser Technique, Germany
7.1 Introduction 136
7.2 Types of thermosets used in composites 137
7.3 Methods for monitoring composites 139
7.4 Monitoring the degree of curing and the mechanical
properties of composites 143
7.5 Online process monitoring using ultrasound 145
7.6 Using ultrasonic online process monitoring in practice:
monitoring curing 154
7.7 Using ultrasonic online process monitoring in practice:
automotive engineering 160
7.8 References 178
Part II Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for
adhesively bonded applications 183
8 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
dielectric methods for testing adhesive bonds in
composites 185
R. A. Pethrick, University of Strathclyde, UK
8.1 Introduction 185
8.2 The use of dielectric testing in cure monitoring 188
8.3 The use of dielectric testing to check bond
integrity 193
8.4 The use of dielectric testing to assess ageing of bonded
joints 200
8.5 Conclusion 216
8.6 Acknowledgements 217
8.7 References 217
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
viii Contents
9 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace
composites: methods for testing adhesively bonded
composites 220
B. Ehrhart and B. Valeske, Fraunhofer Institute for
Non-Destructive Test Methods (IZFP), Germany and
C. Bockenheimer, Airbus Operations GmbH, Germany
9.1 Introduction 220
9.2 Adhesive bonding in the aerospace industry 221
9.3 The role of non-destructive testing (NDT) in testing
adhesive bonds 222
9.4 Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods 227
9.5 Challenges in non-destructive testing (NDT) of adhesive
bonds 233
9.6 Conclusion 235
9.7 Sources of further information and advice 236
9.8 References 236
10 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
assessing debonding in sandwich panels using
guided waves 238
S. Mustapha, University of Sydney, Australia and National
ICT Australia (NICTA), Australia and L. Ye, University
of Sydney, Australia
10.1 Introduction 238
10.2 Processing of wave signals 240
10.3 Numerical simulation of wave propagation 246
10.4 Debonding detection and assessment in sandwich beams 252
10.5 Debonding detection in sandwich panels using time reversal 259
10.6 Conclusion and future trends 271
10.7 References 274
11 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites:
detecting delamination defects using mechanical
impedance, ultrasonic and infrared thermographic
techniques 279
B. S. Wong, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
11.1 Introduction 279
11.2 Using mechanical impedance: disbonding in aluminium
honeycomb structures 281
11.3 Using ultrasonic ‘C’ scanning: carbon fi bre-reinforced
(CFR) composites 292
11.4 Using infrared thermography 295
11.5 Conclusion: comparing different techniques 301
11.6 References 305
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
Part III Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in
aerospace applications 307
12 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace
composites: application of infrared (IR) thermography 309
O. Ley and V. Godinez, Mistras Group Inc., USA
12.1 Introduction: thermography as a non-destructive
evaluation (NDE) technique 309
12.2 Heat propagation in dynamic thermography 315
12.3 Thermography in aerospace composites 321
12.4 Conclusion 332
12.5 References and further reading 332
13 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace
composites: fl aw characterisation 335
N. Rajic, Defence Science and Technology Organisation,
Australia
13.1 Introduction 335
13.2 Fundamentals of heat diffusion 337
13.3 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of delaminations and
planar inclusions 346
13.4 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of impact damage 354
13.5 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of porosity 356
13.6 Experimental demonstration 359
13.7 Future trends 363
13.8 References 364
14 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace
composites: detecting impact damage 367
C. Meola and G. M. Carlomagno, University of Naples
Federico II, Italy
14.1 Introduction 367
14.2 Effectiveness of infrared thermography 369
14.3 On-line monitoring 372
14.4 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of different composite
materials 384
14.5 Conclusion and future trends 392
14.6 Acknowledgements 393
14.7 References 393
15 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of aerospace
composites: ultrasonic techniques 397
D. K. Hsu, Iowa State University, USA
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013