Advanced Diagnostics for Magnetic and Inertial Fusion PDF
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Advanced Diagnostics for Magnetic and Inertial Fusion Advanced Diagnostics for Magnetic and Inertial Fusion Edited by Peter E. Stott International School of Plasma Physics "P. Caldirola" Milan, Italy Alan Wootton Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, USA and Giuseppe Gorini Elio Sindoni Dimitri Batani University of Milan-Bicocca Milan, Italy Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Diagnostics for Magnetic and Inertial Fusion, held September 3-7,2001 at Vllla Monastero, Varenna, Italy ISBN 978-1-4613-4669-2 ISBN 978-1-4419-8696-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8696-2 ©2002 springer Science+Business Media New York Origimdly published byKluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York in 2002 Softcover reprint of the haxdcover lst edition 2002 http://www.wkap.nl/ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress AlI rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mecbanical, photocopying, microfilmiDg, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. PREFACE ThisbookofproceedingscollectsthepaperspresentedattheInternationalConferenceon Advanced DiagnosticsforMagnetic andInertialFusion heldatVilla Monastero Varenna Italy from 3 to 7 September2001. The conferencewasjointlyorganisedby the "Piero Caldirola" InternationalCentre for thePromotion ofScience andInternational School ofPlasma Physics andtheIstitutodiFisicadelPlasma"PieroCaldirola"ofCNR. This conferencewasthe 8thinaseriesofmeetings onthetheme offusiondiagnostics that have been heldin Varennaatintervals betweentwo and four years since 1975.Whereas previous meetings have concentrated on diagnostics for magnetic confinement fusion, this meeting had the specific purpose ofbringing together experts from Magnetic and Inertial Confinement.Themeetingconcentratedonadvanceddiagnosticsinthesefields. The numberofpapersandparticipantswasbalancedbetweenthetwocommunitieswith approximately35invitedand60contributedpapers,withnearly100participantscomingmainly fromEurope, USA, Russia, andJapan,withasmallerbutsignificantparticipationfromChina, Korea, and Israel. Throughout the workshop, topics ofsimultaneous interest to both the magnetic and inertialfieldswerecatalogued.Severaltopicswereidentifiedforfurthercollaboration:solutions to environmental issues, detectortechnologyand calibrationtechniques. Co-ordinators were appointed to promote future exchange and interaction between the magnetic and inertial confinementcommunities. This is probably the first event to explicitly bring together the two communities of Magnetic andInertial Fusion,highlighting thecommonproblemsinplasma diagnostics (andin plasmaphysics), showingthetremendous advanceswhichhavebeenrealised inrecentyears in fusion, aswellasthemany taskswhichstillneedtobeaddressed andsolved onthedevices of thenextgenerationwhichpromise,withbothapproaches,theachievementoffusionconditions. Thanks areduetotheinstitutionsthathavecontributed financiallytotheorganisationof thisconference.InparticulartheIstitutodiFisicadelPlasma"PieroCaldirola" ofCNR,theDG RTDoftheEuropean CommissionwhichprovidedfinancialsupportthoughtheEuroconference scheme. PeterEStott,AlanWootton,GiuseppeGorini,DimitriBatani,ElioSindoni v CONTENTS FUSION EXPERIMENTSANDRELATEDDIAGNOSTICNEEDS 1. REQUIREMENTSANDISSUESINDIAGNOSTICSFORNEXTSTEPBURNING PLASMAEXPERIMENTS A.E.Costley Introduction I Requirementsforplasmaandfirstwan measurementsonaBPX 2 EnvironmentofaBPX:keyradiationeffects 4 The ITERdiagnosticsystem:themostdevelopedexampleofBPXdiagnostics 6 Keyoutstandingissues 7 ImplementationondifferentBPXcontenders 8 SIIIIUIUII)' 9 2. INTRODUCTIONTODIAGNOSTICSREQUIREMENTSFORICF 11 D.Juraszek Introduction 11 ICFcriticalmilestones 11 Experimentalstrategy 14 Diagnosticsrequirements 14 Conclusions 17 3. COREPERFORMANCEANDMIXINDIRECT-DRIVESPHERICALIMPLOSIONS 19 ONOMEGA C.Stoeckl,J.A.Delettrez,'R Epstein,'V.Yu.G1ebov:RL.Keck,RL.McCrory,P.W.McKenty, F.J.Marshall,D.O.Meyerhofer,P.B.Radha, S.P.Regan, S.Roberts,W.Seka,S.Skupsky, V.A.Smalyuk,C.Sorce,J.M.Soures,RP.J.Town,B.Yaakobi,J.A.Frenje,C.K.Li, RD.Petrasso,F.R.Seguin,K.Fletcher,S.Padalino,C.Freeman,N.Izumi,R.Lerche, T.W.Phillips,andT.e.Sangster Introduction 20 Diagnostics 20 Lasercondition 22 Experimentalresults 22 Mixmeasurements 24 Summary 24 4. LASER-PLASMAINTERACTIONDIAGNOSTICSFORICFFUSIONRESEARCH 27 W.Seka,RS.Craxton,RL.Keck,J.P.Knauer,D.O.Meyerhofer,S.P.Regan, C.Stoeckl, B.Yaakobi,RE.Bahr,D.Montgomery,H.Baldis,andR Kirkwood Introduction 27 vii Plasmadiagnosticsandresults 28 Conclusion 30 5. REQUIREMENTSFORDIAGNOSTICINCONTROLLINGADVANCEDTOKAMAK 31 MODES Y.Kusama Introduction 31 RoleandissuesofplasmacontrolstowardsadvancedTOKAMAKmodes 32 Keydiagnosticsandrequirementsforcontroldiagnostics 33 PlasmacontroltowardsadvancedTOKAMAKmodes inIT-60U 34 Issuesindevelopingdiagnosticsandfeedback controlschemesforcontrolling advancedTOKAMAK modes 37 Swnmwy 37 6. DIAGNOSTIC NEEDSFORDIVERTORANDEDGEPHYSICS 39 A.W.Leonard Introduction 39 Paralleltransport 40 Perpendiculartransport 43 20profiles 44 Specialissues 45 Conclusions 46 7. ITERMAGNETICS:KEYDESIGNISSUES 47 G.VayakisandtheITERInternationalTeamandHomeTeams Introduction 47 Keydesignissues 47 Outstanding issues 49 8. DIAGNOSTICS FORENERGETICCHARGEDPARTICLESRELATEDTOFAST 51 IGNITOREXPERIMENTS Y.Kitagawa, K.Mirna,K.Tanaka,R.Kodama, Y.Sentoku,andT.Yamanaka Introduction 51 100TWPWMLaserilluminationonimplodedCDshellandneutronenhancements 51 ProtonrearemissionandmagneticfieldgenerationfromGMIIlaserilluminated plasticfoils 53 Petawattlaserconstruction 57 Conclusion 58 9. ALPHA-PARTICLEMEASUREMENTSNEEDEDFORBURNINGPLASMA 59 EXPERIMENTS K.M.Young Introduction 59 Measurementsofconfmementandslowingdown:effectofplasmaheatingandprofiles 60 Impactonplasmastability:macrostability andcollectiveeffects 62 Inpactofinstabilitiesonthealpha-particlebehaviour:redestributionandloss 63 Measurementforstudiesoftransportoffastionsanda-ashremoval 64 Summaryandrecommendationsformeasurementsfora-physicsinaBPdevice 64 10. DIAGNOSTICS BASEDONHELIUM NEUTRALBEAMSINITER 67 M.G.O'Mullane,H.Anderson,Y.Andrew,M.Brix,C.Giroud,A.G.Meigs,M.Proschek, H.P.Summers,K-O.Zastrow,andcontributorstotheEFOA-JETWorkProgramme Introduction 67 JETexperiments andimplicationsforITER 67 Conclusions 70 viii 11. ADVANCEDCONCEPTINFASTIGNITIONANDTHERELEVANT 71 DIAGNOSTICS H.Habara,K.Lancaster,C.I.Reason,C.Aldis,B.Lester,T.CraigSangster,andP.A.Norreys Introduction 71 Novelgeometryoffastignitionscheme 72 Neutronspectroscopyinultra-intenselaser-matterinteractions 75 12. RECENTEXPERIENCEANDFUTUREPLANSFORJETDIAGNOSTICS 79 J.SanchezandcontributorstotheEFDA-JETworkprogramme Introduction 79 OperationofJETdiagnosticsduring2000-01 79 TheJETEPproject 81 13. STRATEGYOFTHETORESUPRADIAGNOSTICSETFORSTEADY-STATE 87 mGHPOWEROPERATION C.Laviron Introduction 87 Constraints 88 TORESUPRAdiagnostics 88 Conclusion 90 NEUTRONANDPARTICLEDIAGNOSTICS 14. IMAGINGOFPLASMASUSINGPROTONBEAMSGENERATEDBYULTRA-INTENSE 91 LASERPULSES M.Borghesi,D.H.Campbell,R.I.Clarke,M.Galimberti,L.A.Gizzi,M.Haines, A.I.MacKinnon,A.Schiavi,andO.Willi Introduction 91 Experimentalset-upanddiagnosticarrangement 92 Imagingofthinchargedobjects 94 Imagingoflaser-producedplasmas 95 Imagingofultra-intenseinteractions 96 Conclusion 98 15. NUCLEARDIAGNOSTICSOFICF 99 N.Izumi,R.A.Lerche,M.J.Moran,T.W.Phillips,T.e.Sangster,G.J.Schmid,M.A.Stoyer, L.Disdier,J.L.Bourgade,A.Rouyer,R.K.Fisher,RRBerggren,S.E.Caldwell,J.RFaulkner, J.M.Mack,s.s.Oertel,C.S.Young,V.Yu.Glebov,P.A.Jaanimagi,D.O.Meyerhofer, J.M.Soures,C.Stoeckl,J.A.Frenje,e.K.Li,andR.D.Petrasso Introduction 99 BasicnuclearreactionsinICFplasmas 100 Corediagnostics 102 Advancednucleardiagnostics 103 16. NEUTRONEMISSIONSPECTROSCOPY FORMAGNETICCONFINEMENT 107 EXPERIMENTS J.Kiillne Introduction 107 Fusionneutronspectrometrysincethe50's 109 InstrumentstestedatJET 110 Grossfeaturesoftheneutronfluxspectrum III ThermalanddrivenreactioncontributionstoPF III AnalysisofNESdataandinterpretation 112 PlasmaresponsetoPo,P andP 113 RF NB ix Fromlineintegrateddatatolocalinformation 114 Fueldensitymeasurements liS Conclusions 115 17. PROJECTEDNEUTRONEMISSIONSPECTROSCOPYDIAGNOSISOFJET 117 DEUTERIUMPLASMAS G.Gorini,S.Conroy,G.Ericsson,1.Giacomelli,H.Henriksson,A.Hjalmarsson,J.Kallne, andM.Tardocchi 18. PROPOSEDMAGNETICPROTONNEUTRONSPECTROMETERUPGRADE(MPRu) 121 G.Ericsson,S.Conroy,G.Gorini,H.Henriksson,A.Hjalmarsson,1.Kallne,andM.Tardocchi 19. THE2.5-MeVNEUTRONTIMEOFFLIGHTSPECTROMETERFOROPTIMIZED 125 COUNTRATE(TOFOR) A.Hjalmarsson,S.Conroy,G.Ericsson,1.Giacomelli,G.Gorini,H.Henriksson,J.Kallne, andM.Tardocchi Introduction 125 PrincipleofTOFOR 126 Neutrontransportcalculations 126 Resultsanddiscussion 127 Conclusions 128 20. MEASUREMENTOFmGHENERGYPROTONTEMPERATUREINLHD 129 M.Sasao,A.V.Krasilnikov,M.Isobe,T.Seki,K.Saito,T.Saida,S.Murakami andtheLIm-ExperimentalGroup Introduction 129 NeutralfluxandSpectrumofhighenergyatoms 130 Neutralinfluxcalculations 130 Experimentalresults 132 21. ESCAPINGENERGETICIONMEASUREMENTONLARGESCALEMAGNETIC 133 FUSIONDEVICES T.Saida,M.Sasao,M.Isobe,D.S.Darrow,T.Nishitani,andA.Ebisawa Introduction 133 Localmeasurementoflostion 133 Spatialdistributionmeasurementofescapingion 135 Summary 136 22. FASTIONLOSSDIAGNOSTICFORTHEW7-XSTELLARATOR 137 A.Werner,D.S.Darrow,R.Kuduk,H.J.Hartfuss,andA.Weller Introduction 137 Detectorconcepts 138 Findingsuitabledetectorpositions 139 Probedesign 140 23. GAMMA-RAYS:MEASUREMENTSANDANALYSISATJET 141 V.G.Kiptily,O.N.Jarvis,1.Bertalot,S.W.Conroy,S.Popovichev,M.J.Mantsinen, andcontributorstotheEFDA-JETWorkProgramme Introduction 141 Experimentsandresults 142 Conclusions 144 24. SPATIALDISTRIBUTIONMEASUREMENTOFmGHENERGYPARTICLES 145 USINGTIME-OF-FLIGHTNEUTRALPARTICLEENERGYANALYZERINLARGE HELICALDEVICE T.Ozaki,P.Goncharov,S.Murakami,S.Sudo,M.Shoji,M.Emoto,H.Funaba,M.Goto,K.Ida, K.Ikeda,O.Kanko,K.Kawahata,T.Kobuchi,S.Kubo,R.Kumazawa,S.Morita,O.Motojima, x S.Muto,T.Mutoh,Y.Nagayama,Y.Nakamura,H.Nakanishi,K.Narihara,N.Noda,S.Ohdachi, N.Ohyabu,Y.Oka,M.Osakabe,B.Peterson,K.Saito,S.Sakakibara,M.Sasao,K.Sato,T.Seki, T.Shimozuma,Y.Takeiri,K.Tanaka,H.Torii,K.Tsumori,T.Watanabe,T.Watari,V.Zanza, G.Bracco,A.Sibio,B.Tilia,andGI/G2Group Introduction 145 Theneutralparticlemeasurementsystem 146 ResultsinNBIlongdischarge 146 ResultsinICHplasma 147 ResultsinICHlongdischarge 148 Conclusion 148 25. ANEWDIAGNOSTICTOACHIEVE NEUTRONSPECTROSCOPYINAmGH 149 GAMMABACKGROUNDINICFEXPERIMENTS M.Houry,L.Disdier,andA.Fedotoff Introduction 149 Secondaryandtertiaryneutronspectroscopyasameasureof<pR>FUFL 149 Gammabackgroundinducedbyneutrons 150 Experimentalset-up:theDEMINspectrometer 151 Conclusion 152 26. NATURALDIAMONDDETECTORBASEDSPECTROMETERSFORMAGNETIC 153 ANDINERTIALCONFINEMENTFUSION A.V.Krasilnikov,A.G.Alekseyev,V.N.Amosov,Y.A.Kaschuck,andLN.Rastyagaev NODbasedDTneutronspectrometryandfluxmonitorsystemforITER-FEAT 153 PerspectivesontheNODbasedchargeexchangeatomspectrometersforfastconfinedionstudies inITER-FEAT 155 PossibilitiesoftheNODapplicationinICFexperiments 155 27. LASERFUSIONFUEL IONTEMPERATUREDIAGNOSTICS 157 J.Chen,Z.Zheng,H.Peng,B.Zhang,Y.Ding,andC.Tang Introduction 157 Experimentalconditions 158 Experimentalresults 158 OPTICALANDX-RAYDIAGNOSTICS 28. X-RAYIMAGINGSYSTEMWImCONTINUOUSTIME RESOLUTION 161 Y.Aglitskiy,M.Karasik,V.Serlin,S.Obenschain,andC.Pawley Introduction 161 Characteristicsoftheexperimentset-up 163 Experimentalresults 165 Conclusions 167 29. RAYLEIGHTAYLORANDLASERIMPRINTINGDIAGNOSTICS 169 H.Azechi,M.Nakai,K.Shijemori,N.Izumi,H.Shiraga,M.Nishikino,T.Sakaiya,S.Fujioka, Y.Tamari,N.Miyanaga,andH.Nishimura Introduction 169 MoireinterferometryofshortwavelengthRayleigh-Taylorinstability 170 Penumbralimagingfordensitymeasurement 173 Fresnelphasezoneplatefordensitymeasurement 174 Conclusion 175 xi 30. PLASMADIAGNOSTICSININTERACTIONOFPOWERFULLASERPULSES 177 WITHINHOMOGENEOUSLOWDENSITYMEDIA A.E.Bugrov,LN.Burdonskiy,V.V.Gavrilov,A.Yu.Goltsov,LK.Fasahkov,V.N.Kondrashov, S.N.Koptyaev,N.G.Kovalskiy,M.LPergament,V.M.Petryakov,G.M.Yankovskiy, and E.V.Zhuzhukalo Introduction 177 Experimentalconditions 177 Experimental resultsanddiscussion 178 Conclusion 180 31. LASERANDX-RAYIRRADIATIONDIAGNOSTICSTHATHAVEPAVEDTHEPATH 181 TOSIGNlFICANTLYIMPROVEDICFTARGETPERFORMANCE R.L.Keck,W.R.Donaldson,V.Yu.Glebov,P.A.Jaanimagi,FJ.Marshall,P.W.McKenty, D.D.Meyerhofer,S.P.Regan,W.Seka,C.Stoeckl,andR.Boni Introduction 181 Irradiation-uniformityrequirements 181 Calorimeters 182 Harmonic energydiagnostic 182 Transport 183 P510 Streakcameras 184 Prepulsemonitors 185 UVETPmeasurement 186 X-Raypinholecharge-injection-deviceimager 186 Results 187 Conclusion 188 32. ABSORPTIONANDFLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPYASADIAGNOSTICOF 189 LASERDRIVENEXPERIMENTS D.J.Hoarty,C.C.Smith,O.Willi,G.Magelssen,R.Chrien,S.Caldwell,M.Wood,andR.Watt Introduction 189 Experimentsdiagnosedbypointprojectionabsorptionspectroscopy 190 Modellingoftheabsorptiondata 192 Experimentsdiagnosedbyfluorescencespectroscopy 193 Modellingofthefluorescencespectra 194 Summary/Conclusion 196 33. MEASUREMENTSOFTHEPOLOIDALMAGNETICANDRADIALELECTRIC 197 FIELDPROFILESINASDEXUPGRADEANDJET J.Hobirk,N.C.Hawkes,PJ.McCarthy,D.Merkl,R.C.Wolf,ASDEXUpgradeTeamand contributorstotheEFDA-JETWorkProgramme Introduction 197 Principleofthemeasurement 198 Diagnosticset-up 198 Experimentalresults 199 Influenceofanotherbeamsourceonmeasurement 201 Firstresultsofradialelectricfieldmeasurements 202 Summary 203 34. RECENTPROGRESSINBEAMEMISSIONANDCXSPECTROSCOPY 205 M.G.vonHellermann,R.Jaspers,H.P.Summers,andK-D.Zastrow Introduction 205 CombinationofCXRSandBES 206 Hybrideffectiveemissionratesforlow-ZCXspectra 206 Cross-sectioneffectsinthepresenceofn=2populations 207 EnergyscansatTEXTOR-94 207 Futureworkandapplications 208 xii
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