Table Of Content

Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts James Weifu Lee Editor Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Editor James Weifu Lee Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-3347-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-3348-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3348-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012939845 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The aim of this book is to provide the current status and development in the biomass energy research fi eld and report new and highly innovative technology concepts to provide green/clean energy and control climate change. It will point out the potential bene fi ts of these new technology concepts and the technical challenges that we need to overcome to achieve the mission. This book could be helpful to a wide audi- ence including not only energy and environmental scientists and engineers but also industry and academia, teachers and students, and the general public including the policy makers across the world. The book will address a variety of topics and technology concepts ranging from the latest development in smokeless biomass pyrolysis, Fischer–Tropsch hydrocarbons synthesis for biomass-derived syngas to liquid transportation fuels, catalytic and selective pyrolysis of biomass for production of fuels such as biodiesels and special chemicals such as levoglucosan and phenolic compounds, biomass hydrothermal processing, biomethane and naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas hydrates, to “cellulosic biofuels,” “electrofuels,” and photobiological production of advanced biofuels (e.g., hydrogen, lipids/biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, and/or related higher alcohols) directly from water and carbon dioxide. Advanced bioproducts such as biochar that could bring signi fi cant bene fi ts in helping control climate change and sustainable economic development will also be covered. Each chapter typically will describe a speci fi c technology including its fundamental concept, potential bene fi ts, current status, and technical challenges. Therefore, this BioEnergy sciences book will enable readers to quickly understand the up-to-date technical opportunities/challenges so that the readers may also be able to somehow contribute to this mission, since currently energy and environment (climate change) are such huge and urgent issues to human civilization on Earth. Together, we can help overcome the challenges and build a sustainable future with clean renewable energy of tomorrow. Norfolk, VA, USA James Weifu Lee v Acknowledgments The editor, James Weifu Lee, would like to thank all of the nearly 100 authors and a number of peer reviewers across the world for their wonderful contributions in support of this book project. The editing work of this book series was accomplished using signi fi cant amounts of the editor’s spare time including his family time. Therefore, the editor also wishes to thank his family for their understanding and wonderful support. vii Contents Part I Introduction and Brazil’s Biofuel Success 1 Introduction: An Overview of Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts ...................................................................................... 3 James Weifu Lee 2 Sugarcane Ethanol: Strategies to a Successful Program in Brazil.................................................................................... 13 José Goldemberg Part II Smokeless Biomass Pyrolysis for Advanced Biofuels Production and Global Biochar Carbon Sequestration 3 Smokeless Biomass Pyrolysis for Producing Biofuels and Biochar as a Possible Arsenal to Control Climate Change ................................ 23 James Weifu Lee and Danny M. Day 4 Oxygenation of Biochar for Enhanced Cation Exchange Capacity .................................................................................. 35 James Weifu Lee, A.C. Buchanan III, Barbara R. Evans, and Michelle Kidder 5 Characterization of Biochars Using Advanced Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ................................... 47 Jingdong Mao, Xiaoyan Cao, and Na Chen 6 Biochar Fertilizer for Soil Amendment and Carbon Sequestration ........................................................................................... 57 James Weifu Lee, Bob Hawkins, Xiaonian Li, and Danny M. Day ix x Contents 7 Selection and Use of Designer Biochars to Improve Characteristics of Southeastern USA Coastal Plain Degraded Soils............................. 69 J.M. Novak and W.J. Busscher 8 Biochar: A Coproduct to Bioenergy from Slow-Pyrolysis Technology ............................................................................................... 97 Adriana Downie and Lukas Van Zwieten 9 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass ............................................................... 119 Stefan Czernik 10 Selective Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass to Produce Fuels and Chemicals ......................................................................................... 129 Xi-feng Zhu and Qiang Lu 11 Sub- and Supercritical Water Technology for Biofuels ....................... 147 Sandeep Kumar 12 Biomass to Liquid Fuel via Fischer–Tropsch and Related Syntheses ............................................................................ 185 Y.T. Shah 13 Fischer–Tropsch Hydrocarbons Synthesis from a Simulated Biosyngas ................................................................... 209 N. Escalona, R. García, and P. Reyes 14 To Synthesize Liquid Fuels on Precipitated Fe Catalyst with CO-Containing Syngas Gasified from Biomass .......................... 225 2 Wensheng Ning and Muneyoshi Yamada Part III Cellulosic Biofuels 15 Cellulosic Butanol Production from Agricultural Biomass and Residues: Recent Advances in Technology .................................... 247 N. Qureshi, S. Liu, and T.C. Ezeji 16 Consolidated Bioprocessing ................................................................... 267 Jeffrey G. Linger and Al Darzins 17 The Synthesis, Regulation and Modification of Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Resource for Biofuels and Bioproducts .......................... 281 Darby Harris, Carloalberto Petti, and Seth DeBolt 18 Genetic Modifications of Plant Cell Walls to Increase Biomass and Bioethanol Production ..................................................... 315 M. Abramson, O. Shoseyov, S. Hirsch, and Z. Shani 19 Natural and Designed Enzymes for Cellulose Degradation ................ 339 Eva Cunha, Christine L. Hatem, and Doug Barrick